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Image Analysis CH 1-2, Exams of Radiography

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Radiography

Image Analysis CH 1-2 Image Analysis CH 1-2

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 06/23/2024

DrShirley
DrShirley 🇺🇸

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4.6K documents

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Image Analysis CH 1-2
what are 3 pieces of information required on an x-ray -
demographic info, correct marker, date of examination
where is the marker placed on a lateral spine -
anteriorly closest side to IR
where is the marker placed on an AP/PA skull x-ray? -
laterally on which ever side being marked
the ID plate is positioned next to the -
narrowest anatomic structure
What causes elongation? -
off center CR, angled body part
where is the marker placed for PA oblique vertebrae x-rays? -
side closest to the IR
The central ray is _______ to the joint for an open joint to be obtained. -
parallel
Which structure is projected the most when the central ray is angled? -
structure situated farthest from the IR
How can recorded detail be improved? -
use the longest SID and shortest OID possible
When is a small focal spot used? -
to demonstrate fine detail
How is scatter radiation decreased? -
tight collimation, grids, and shielding
Collimation for extremities is to be within _____ inches of the skin line -
.05
Torso collimation should be with in ____ inches of the VOI -
1
The medial and lateral femoral condyles are not superimposed on a lateral knee projection. The larger,
lateral condyle is 1 inch (2.5 cm) anterior to the medial condyle. The best way to correct this error is to
-
rotate knee anteriorly
pf3
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Image Analysis CH 1-

what are 3 pieces of information required on an x-ray - demographic info, correct marker, date of examination where is the marker placed on a lateral spine - anteriorly closest side to IR where is the marker placed on an AP/PA skull x-ray? - laterally on which ever side being marked the ID plate is positioned next to the - narrowest anatomic structure What causes elongation? - off center CR, angled body part where is the marker placed for PA oblique vertebrae x-rays? - side closest to the IR The central ray is _______ to the joint for an open joint to be obtained. - parallel Which structure is projected the most when the central ray is angled? - structure situated farthest from the IR How can recorded detail be improved? - use the longest SID and shortest OID possible When is a small focal spot used? - to demonstrate fine detail How is scatter radiation decreased? - tight collimation, grids, and shielding Collimation for extremities is to be within _____ inches of the skin line - . Torso collimation should be with in ____ inches of the VOI - 1 The medial and lateral femoral condyles are not superimposed on a lateral knee projection. The larger, lateral condyle is 1 inch (2.5 cm) anterior to the medial condyle. The best way to correct this error is to

  • rotate knee anteriorly

What are the image receptor size considerations when imaging bones? - CR perpendicular to body part and long axis of bones to IR How should long bones be aligned to the IR? - diagonally to include both joints Where should the marker be placed on a cross table lateral hip? - anteriorly At a 72 inch SID, beam divergence is off-centered about __________ for every inch - 1 degree At an SID of 40", the divergence of x-rays is _________degrees for every __________ off centered in any direction from the CR. - 2, inch What is the customary method to hang an image for viewing? - With the superior anatomy at the top As if the patient were facing the viewer As if the patient were lying down There are important aspects to keep in mind when displaying images using a DR system: what three things should be considered? - patient and IR orientation and chose the right examination post processing manipulation to better evaluate contrast - Contrast mask Two structures are 4.5" apart and out of superimposition 2.5". To bring them into superimposition, the CR should be angled ________degrees. - 5 When shielding females what kind of shield should be used? - contact or shadow shield List three reasons/ situations you need to use shielding - gonads with in 2 inches of primary field, patient of reproductive age, reduce radiation to patient Which of the following are effective radiation protection? - Communication Immobilization devices Low source to skin distances and low technical factors Collimation The light collected and converted to an electrical signal by the photomultiplier tube during CR image is then sent to the _____ to be digitized. - ADC analog-to-digital converter

set optimum kv and highest ma setting set backup timer to 150-200% select correct ionization chamber use tight collimation never use it on radiopaque hardware When an image is underexposed how does it look? How is the sharpness, resolution, color? - loss of contrast resolution, grainy, obscured borders Be able to list examples of additive diseases that require 35% increase in mAs - pleural effusion, tuberculosis, carcinomas You are dealing with a trauma. what do you do? - Determine the projections that will be needed Gather and organize the equipment, IR, positioning devices, and other supplies Determine patient mobility, alertness, and ability to follow requests. Obtain required projections. Process and evaluate the projections Return the patient Disinfect the equipment, IRs, and positioning devices. What is the technical adjustment required with the patient condition of emphysema? - -8% kVp What are technical adjustments necessary for plaster casts? - small: +5-7 kVp +50-60% mAs large: +8-10 kVp +100% mAs What are technical adjustments necessary for wood backboard? - +5kVp +20-30% mAs What are technical adjustments necessary for conditions like ascites? - +50-75% mAs The technical adjustments required for pleural effusion are ___________mAs - +35% The technical adjustments required for deceased patients are___________mAs - +30-50% What is the technical adjustment required with soft tissue for foreign body? - -15-20% kVp Technical adjustments required for patients with osteoporosis: - -8% kVp When correctly placed, gonadal shielding will reduce gonadal dose by ____ if gonads are in the primary x-ray field. - 75%

The _____________ is the device in a rotating anode x-ray tube that turns the rotor - stator An acceptable level of leakage from the tube housing is ________ mR/___________ measured at a __________ meter distance - 100, hour, 1 tube current - refers to the flow of electrons from cathode to anode within the x-ray tube The ______________________ focal spot is measured directly under the ______________ target - effective, anode What causes the target to turn? - rotor What is the advantage of having a focal track? - dissipate heat The tube envelope is a ______________ - inhereted filtration hat does keV measure? - the energy of an individual electron How many amps is filament current? - 3- what formula is used to determine the heat units? - HU= mA x time x kVp x generator single phase- 1 6 pulse- 1. 12 pulse-1. Differential absorption results in the process of _____________ _________________ - image formation What is defined as the loss of some energy from the beam as it passes through a tissue? - attenuation ________________ results when no interactions occur between the x-ray photon and tissue. - coherent Name the reaction that occurs when the incoming x-ray photon energy is absorbed, and an inner shell electron is ejected: - photoelectric