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Image Analysis Chapter 1
The demographic requirements for radiographic images include all the following except: a. patient and facility identification. b. time and date. c. birth date. d. technologist's identification. - Technologist's identification 2.Which of the following is true about image markers?
- They are radiopaque.
- They should be reversed before being placed on the IR.
- They should be positioned as close to the median plane as possible.
- They will be magnified if positioned on the imaging table or patient. a. 1 only b. 1 and 4 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 4 only - 1 and 4 only Match the marker placement with the projection. 3.Lateral vertebrae a. Laterally, on side being identified b. Anteriorly, identifying side positioned closer to IR c. Place marker anywhere within exposure field d. Laterally, identifying side situated closer to the IR - Anteriorly, Identifying side positioned closer to IR Match the marker placement with the projection. PA oblique vertebrae
a. Laterally, on side being identified b. Anteriorly, identifying side positioned closer to IR c. Place marker anywhere within exposure field d. Laterally, identifying side situated closer to the IR - Laterally, identifying side situated closer to IR Match the marker placement with the projection. 5.PA oblique vertebrae a. Laterally, on side being identified b. Anteriorly, identifying side positioned closer to IR c. Place marker anywhere within exposure field d. Laterally, identifying side situated closer to the IR - Laterally, Identifiying side situated closer to the IR. Match the marker placement with the projection. 6.Lateral hand a. Laterally, on side being identified b. Anteriorly, identifying side positioned closer to IR c. Place marker anywhere within exposure field d. Laterally, identifying side situated closer to the IR - Place marker anywhere within exposure field 7.Which guideline below should be used to position the identification (ID) plate? a. Place the ID plate within the collimated field whenever possible. b. Position the ID plate toward the direction in which the central ray was angled. c. Position the ID plate next to the narrowest anatomic structure. - Position the ID plate next to the narrowest anatomic structure. 8.Good collimation practices will do all the following except a. decrease radiation dosage. b.
Image 1 b. Image 2 - Image 1 14.A small focal spot should be used for each of the following situations, except when a. fine detail demonstration is important. b. extremities are imaged. c. the milliamperage setting is above 300. d. the patient can control motion. - the milliamperage setting is above 300 15.Which technical factor listed below is primarily used to regulate density? a. kVp b. mAs c. grids d. distances (SID, OID) - MAS 16.Which of the following technical factors is primarily used to regulate contrast? a. kVp b. mAs c. grids d. distances (SID, OID) - kVp 17.What percentage of kVp adjustment doubles the density on an image? a. 5% b. 15% c. 30% d. 100% - 15%
18.An image demonstrating motion and adequate density was obtained using 100 mA at 0.5 seconds. If the time was changed to 0.25 seconds, what mA should be used to maintain density? a. 100 mA b. 200 mA c. 300 mA d. 400 mA - 200mA. 19.An AP abdomen projection was obtained using 85 kVp at 10 mAs. The resulting image demonstrated excessively low contrast, although the density was acceptable. What new technique could be used to obtain the projection with equal density but higher contrast? a. 72 kVp at 10 mAs b. 72 kVp at 20 mAs c. 81 kVp at 13 mAs d. 98 kVp at 5 mAs - 72 kVp at 10 mAs 20.The processor defaced an AP foot projection obtained at 50 kVp at 30 mAs. Before repeating the projection, the technologist noticed that the image was slightly overexposed at the area of interest. It would not have been dark enough to cause it to need repeating. What new technique should the technologist use when she repeats the projection? a. 48 kVp at 30 mAs b. 50 kVp at 15 mAs c. 50 kVp at 21 mAs d. 42 kVp at 30 mAs - 50 kVp at 21 mAs 21.A patient stepped on a needle left in the carpet. Because only half the needle has been located and the patient has pain in the foot where the needle penetrated, it is suspected that the other half of the needle is still in the patient's foot. If the average technique for a lateral foot projection is 60 kVp at 75 mAs, what new technique should be used for this situation? a. 51 kVp at 37 mAs b. 51 kVp at 75 mAs c. 55 kVp at 75 mAs
34.High fat content a. High subject contrast b. Low subject contrast - Low subject contrast Match the patient condition with the subject contrast that the resulting image would display. 35.Well-developed muscular structure a. High subject contrast b. Low subject contrast - High subject contrast Match the patient condition with the subject contrast that the resulting image would display. 36.Fluid retention caused by disease a. High subject contrast b. Low subject contrast - Low subject contrast Match the patient condition with the subject contrast that the resulting image would display. Bony structures with low mineral content a. High subject contrast b. Low subject contrast - Low subject contrast 38.A PA chest projection was obtained using a grid with a recommended 40-inch focal range with a 72- inch SID. Where would the grid cutoff be demonstrated on the projection? a. Peripherally b. Across the entire image, but more noticeable on one side c. Evenly across the entire image - Peripherally 39.Describe the grid cutoff that occurs if the central ray is angled toward the grid's lead strips. a. On both sides of the image b. Across the entire image, but more noticeable on one side c. Evenly across the entire image -
Across the entire image, but more noticeable on one side 40.A grid should be used for all of the following, except when a. the part being imaged measures 10 cm. b. over 60 kVp is used. c. an increase in image contrast is desired. d. a decrease in scatter radiation production is desired. - A decrease in scatter radiation is desired Match the marker placement with the projection. PA cranium a. Laterally, on side being identified b. Anteriorly, identifying side positioned closer to IR c. Place marker anywhere within exposure field d. Laterally, identifying side situated closer to the IR - Laterally, on side being identified Place the following tasks in the order in which they should be performed during a trauma examination. 42.Disinfect equipment, IRs, and positioning devices. a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth e. Fifth f. Sixth g. Seventh - Seventh Place the following tasks in the order in which they should be performed during a trauma examination. Gather and organize equipment, IR, positioning devices, and other supplies. a.
Seventh - Fifth Place the following tasks in the order in which they should be performed during a trauma examination. 46.Return patient. a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth e. Fifth f. Sixth g. Seventh - Sixth Place the following tasks in the order in which they should be performed during a trauma examination. 47.Obtain required projections. a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth e. Fifth f. Sixth g. Seventh - Fourth Place the following tasks in the order in which they should be performed during a trauma examination. 48.Determine patient mobility, alertness, and ability to follow requests. a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
e. Fifth f. Sixth g. Seventh - Third 49.The patient's knee is unable to extend fully for an AP lower leg projection, causing the lower leg to be at a 20-degree angle with the IR. The projection should be obtained with a _________-degree central ray angle and ___________ -degree lower leg to IR angle. a. 0, 20 b. 10, 10 c. 20, 20 d. 10, 20 - 20, 20 A PA chest projection is displayed as if the viewer and patient were facing one another. T or F - True A left lateral chest projection is displayed with the patient facing the viewer's left side. T or F - False A lateral foot projection is displayed as if it were hanging from the toes. T or F - False A PA oblique projection (RAO position) of lumbar vertebrae is displayed with the patient's right side on the viewer's left side. T or F - True An inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder is displayed with the anterior surface facing upward. T or F - True Extremity images are displayed so that the anterior or lateral surfaces are facing the viewer. T or F - False 7.When the marker is only faintly or partially demonstrated on the resulting projection, the information should be permanently added directly over the original marker. T or F - False 8.A hypersthenic patient's thorax is wider than that of an asthenic patient. T or F - T rue 9.A sthenic patient's thorax is longer than that of an asthenic patient. T or F -
False If the AEC backup time is too short for the required exposure, the resulting image will be underexposed. T or F - True An overexposed image will result if the chosen ionization chamber is located beneath a structure that has a lower atomic number, or is thinner or less dense than the structure of interest. T or F - False If the AEC is used on peripheral or very small anatomy where the activated chamber(s) is not completely covered by the anatomy, the capacitor will quickly reach its maximum level, resulting in an underexposed image. T or F - True The AEC backup timer should be set at 100% to 150% of the expected manual exposure time to prevent overexposure. T or F - False The AEC's thyristor is automatically adjusted for different screen-film combinations before exposures are taken. T or F - False A(n) (a)______________ disease causes the tissues to increase in mass density or thickness, whereas a(n) (b)______________ diseases cause the tissue to break down. - ANS:(a) additive, (b) destructive Match the technical adjustment required with the trauma device or patient condition. 22.Emphysema a. +5 kVp or +25%-30% b. +5-7 kVp or 50%-60% mAs c. -15%-20% kVp d. +50% mAs e. +35% mAs f. -8% kVp g. +35%-50% mAs - -8% kVp Match the technical adjustment required with the trauma device or patient condition. Small to medium plaster cast a. +5 kVp or +25%-30%
b. +5-7 kVp or +50%-60% mAs c. -15%-20% kVp d. +50% mAs e. +35% mAs f. -8% kVp g. +35%-50% mAs - +5-7 kVp or +50%-60% mAs Match the technical adjustment required with the trauma device or patient condition. 24.Wood backboard a. +5 kVp or +25%-30% b. +5-7 kVp or +50%-60% mAs c. -15%-20% kVp d. +50% mAs e. +35% mAs f. -8% kVp g. +35%-50% mAs - a. +5 kVp or +25%-30% Match the technical adjustment required with the trauma device or patient condition. 25.Ascites a. +5 kVp or +25%-30% b. +5-7 kVp or +50%-60% mAs c. -15%-20% kVp d. +50% mAs e. +35% mAs f. -8% kVp g. +35%-50% mAs -
+35% mAs f. -8% kVp g. +35% to 50% mAs - c.
- 15% to 20% kVp Match the technical adjustment required with the trauma device or patient condition. 29.Osteoporosis a. +5 kVp or +25%-30% b. +5-7 kVp or +50%-60% mAs c. -15%-20% kVp d. +50% mAs e. +35% mAs f. -8% kVp g. +35%-50% mAs - . -8% kVp
- The patient demographic requirements for radiographic images include all of the following except a. patient and facility identification. b. time and date. c. birth date. d. technologist's identification. - Technologist's identification Three images were obtained on the same structure with a computed radiography system. Image 1 was obtained using a 48-inch source-image receptor distance (SID) and a 5-inch object-image receptor distance (OID); image 2 was obtained using a 48-inch SID and a 3-inch OID; and image 3 was obtained with a 48-inch SID, a 3-inch OID, and a larger IR. Which image will demonstrate the sharpest recorded detail? a. Image 1 b. Image 2 c. Image 3 d. There will be no difference in recorded detail. - Image 2 Three images were obtained on the same structure with a computed radiography system. Image 1 was obtained using a 48-inch source-image receptor distance (SID) and a 5-inch object-image receptor distance (OID); image 2 was obtained using a 48-inch SID and a 3-inch OID; and image 3 was
obtained with a 48-inch SID, a 3-inch OID, and a larger IR. Which image will demonstrate the greatest size distortion? a. Image 1 b. Image 2 c. Image 3 d. There will be no difference in size distortion. - Image 1 Anatomical relationships are affected by
- varying degrees of patient obliquity and flexion.
- off centering.
- geometrical factors of magnification, elongation, and foreshortening.
- similar structures of shape and size. a. 1 and 4 only b. 1, 2, and 4 only c. 1, 3, and 4 only d. None of the above - None of the above Good collimation practices result in which of the following?
- Reduces histogram analysis errors
- Clearly delineates the VOI
- Improves the visibility of recorded details by reducing the amount of scatter radiation that reaches the IR
- Decreases the radiation dosage by limiting the amount of scatter from the patient a. 2 and 3 only b. 1, 2, and 3 only c. 1, 2, and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 4 - 1,2 and 3 only Minimizing size distortion is accomplished by which of the following? 1.Using the longest feasible SID 2.Using the shortest possible OID 3.Decreasing the angle of the CR 4.Placing the part as close to the IR as possible - 1,2 and 4 only Collimation guidelines include all of the following except for 1.chest and abdomen projections, collimate to within 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the patient's skin line. 2.extremity projections, collimate to within 0.5 inch (1.25 cm) of the skin line of the thickest VOI. 3.chest and abdomen projections, collimate to within 0.50 inch (1.25 cm) of the IR edge. 4.collimating structures within the torso, bring the collimated borders to within 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the VOI. - 1 and 3
4.is used to verify validity of the order and indication. - 1,2,and 3 only When displaying images acquired on a direct-indirect capture digital radiography system (DR), which of the following statements are true? 1.Patient orientation must be considered. 2.Diagonally obtained projections will be displayed vertically. 3.IR orientation must be considered. 4.The correct examination must be selected before exposing the IR. - 1,3, and 4 only All of the following statements about display stations are true except 1.if the digital system matrix size is smaller than the display station's matrix size, the values of surrounding pixels will be averaged to display the whole image. 2.to display images at full resolution, the display monitor must be able to display the same number of pixels as those at which the digital system acquired the image. 3.display station resolution refers to the maximum number of pixels that the screen can demonstrate. 4.the technologist's workstation display monitors typically demonstrate resolution as high as that of the radiologist's display monitor. - 1,2, and 3 only To properly display extremity projections, display 1.finger, wrist, and forearm projections as if the patient were hanging from the fingertips. 2.elbow and humeral projections as if they were hanging from the patient's shoulder. 3.toe and AP and PA oblique foot projections as if the patient were hanging from the toes. 4.lateral foot, ankle, lower leg, knee, and femur projections as if they were hanging from the patient's hip. - 1,2,3 and 4 Placing a marker directly on the tabletop 1.avoids marker distortion and magnification. 2.prevents scatter radiation from undercutting the marker. 3.ensures the marker will not be projected off the IR. 4.attenuates most but not all of the incident x-rays. - 1,2, and 3 only A postprocessing manipulation that can be added to digital projections as a means of helping the viewer to better evaluate contrast resolution in the selected area is a a. collimation. b. contrast mask. c. dimensional annotation. d. projection mask. - Contrast mask All of the following statements with regard to an angled CR or divergent beams used to record an object are true except
a. angling the CR will not affect how the anatomical structures will appear on a projection. b. objects positioned on the same plane but at different distances from the IR will be moved different amounts. c. the more the CR is angled, the more the object will move. d. the object will move in the direction in which the beams are traveling. - Angling the CR will not affect how the anatomical structures will appear on a projection The most common shape distortion is a. shape/size distortion. b. magnification. c. foreshortening. d. elongation. - Elongation The quality of spatial resolution of a digital imaging system is mainly defined by 1.the size of the matrix. 2.the size of the pixel within the matrix.
- the spatial frequency. 4.line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm). - 1 and 2 only
- Two structures are 4.5 inches apart and out of superimposition 2.5 inches. To bring them into superimposition, the CR should be angled _____ degrees. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 - 20 To shield the female gonads properly, 1.use a flat contact shield made from at least 0.5 mm of lead. 2.use a flat contact shield cut to the shape of the inlet pelvis. 3.the dimensions of the shield used are determined by the OID and SID and by the size of the patient's pelvis. 4.the entire inlet pelvis should be shielded. - 2,3 and 4 only Gonadal shielding is recommended in which of the following situations? 1.When the gonads are within 2 inches (5 cm) of the primary x-ray beam 2.If the patient is of reproductive age 3.When the gonadal shield does not cover the VOI 4.When any radiosensitive cells are in the primary beam - 1,2 and 3 only Effective radiation protection practices include all of the following except
