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Inhorihanee ; Hemolercns dnemnvsonnas =a, pais of chemasumas mn aliploiol calls ore nhortted fron mother one, bem father » Ou Si2L, GUynD pense shot may have LH erent dlleles- * Geox chemosomas =% and Y clhremuseme, + Dolasomas = ahh chemmsunsss except Bex chrumosurVs - * Gone = « apecific Wh seqyene Hat codes for polypeptole -Gexclinbed goias * NS on ex Cheemacumos -aptocernal -Linkeel geras * sere on awhSomas - lan ocl eenas sh gens on He enum, cherresorna.They ar ina linkage pep libel by ke blue eel * Moe = form of a per >a result of motalen © beue = posilion af ger on chremosonis. : hpleiol cells hoe 2 sels of chemnosornas Can) =2 copra of each eene= JF algles. 1 retherres) one] 4 paler. They oe, comnahe cells (al) calls except garvales) Tn humane anak. Result of vustoeis - - Haplosl edls have only 4 self chewrseamas (n)
conternose and poll: ° QynaPens eda, (C) Nocacts where honolyeos Chremosumas, oxy up » Tach Sister Tetrad Fa eenere pat iS callocl o lornvalont /febrool ° Loseng over taba place delween non ister chemahde ot clicémerte sesollioy a exhonse of poche meterent - rrlogus chromosomes * Greeting oer Pate “i - rnal - Ln . humolo chenmeamnas ceil orumel each ter nine Th BPAS Numo\ceus ely - Lomein my contort of He dicsmeda (site of crossing ne ) —FA — Parr af dnomahls brece anol connect 0 oncther non-sieler chrwmahd - A A -Dosult in 3 *Gehacge-ct pthc crater Ay ‘ Linkupe, CFS Ne bobon / Linea} FN wal BMT chrumosume, are soperttes| ; B t “Uscally ster chemnalils ove gervbially clentical, « MHfer CREEINYG ACF ‘hey oe not. Now corbinethonel- allies within ech dhemesuna y Genoke \onalin Netashase metaphase I . (ont As teach opreite plas Metaphase wee Fi > ably Leela ch b cheers obama Bivalants Hebrocks Lne, UP across esperar woaphace, plate Chromosomes line UPD fais. v4 2 Tnclependlout assorhmant of Lamaleue chemaseme Pui occurs Fach pair cenllomer lines op unclogencleunt|y of others on equctter-resulting mn perabicdly UNQVe anes: braphaee, [ vawrenanais Crialle mioollolus eheten . Homeless clnromasermes Eepesaxte OS they ore elec) to oppose polos with conhomases loaclany hoaschs polos ° Contemores do not cixichn Metaphase TL metaphase II | - Conhreeumas seach oppose pales ) ll fe fly ne «Cemoeuvas Line Op wh fe natphose Plore/ eqvarturert gght ogee Pequeter - *Qhremnasomas adfached to sprolle Ebres ot conemore, {drebochore ' Treleperctand aceutment of ester chrmabtls oars: 4 y x P +N ee . 4, - hoy phere. anaphase II ° Conhernare, of each chemosarra dyiclas 2S), ‘Sickr chomedrcle git of oniemnase SS 7) + Spirclte, microblolas chorten ° Chemahole rolled tp opposite, poles wih connote. leoolins, huswcle polus- Teleshace IL telophase II emnedtals Seach He polas ‘Nocloclve veforms “Mula envelore veossembes + Spndle, Fhe beab dou: — 1 haploid cells farmed): Huw dloes, VUQLOEKS COWER Cc voutothion ) \ Uoseing ow att frophase 1 + behoeen non-erter chennbds of hemolegens chremmocemus at chinema - Excharye, of genabie material, | —nhope qeups baker /Linkool pens an coun darumasn se peyerted - — new combinahon of allaes wilun each chamesame 2s Pordevn / Treloperdant accertment of hemolegens chemeame at Melghase L. - Coch prix linws op ardopendowrtly ot Hass on eovotter-. > Resible combmabons oe a”. * Pecos in Guewkes thetove peniaally ungoe 8. Trelepenclunt aseerhment of sister chemethichs at Mekaghase, If 4. Tecsibla chomosera mutation 0 Faulty MELOEIS rey COWSR clheaneyes bo chamesemwn number or srudue, 2 new allel as Oor Aho MQ\OBIS ys hisertion can ales COMER penalic vanahon ° Bondo mathing + Radom ‘psion of cpenakes Tinpectant terms ‘ Benohipe -alleles poser by Ww OEPMIEND , Phenotype = cheewablle chowocluistes chan opganeen Lon ke, influence ky genotype ond anniyon mont . Benbype © Gera = aspecifie, eeqoence of INA that costes a polypephole Represented by core alphabet eW4- bb Client alleles). Gena drat fern no trolics Qe HOB) , fll name anol proteny not Jalrarsedl : © Moles = en oto gens. Seeult of mucha .Seminant represe/vrec) by capitol ldter cual placed ne front 5 recacene "sepresente by emoull, tater ety Bb- + Diglosd cals > 2a} of chemrosemes , 2 alleles ~ flomonyepus - Hae A honk eal alleles of cxpyene « Can be homoauacnts chawmneyt} or Pomozyyous TORSENG —Heleoz4aass =hoe 2dillerent allolas of oer « Lunament wlele —Expresce! in te plenehice, Qyan wlan only Ce Copy af allele pasent (beth hederozypules arg homonyeptes toy ta allale) ° + Pocesene allele _ Expressed in oheno pyre ony wen two cores of allale ove PRESCOTT Chomoxygotes)- Nebel UESUNS Wb - hoamacolan gene T=A80 gene twr Voodl gre Ho = norval able, Th = Aablolo Hb? - sche aloo = fh alle tC = 0 alle linked deminount ° Phanapyce Antenne by clonuinat allale on X. ° Phone pyee. shun hemorypune denuinant onel hoberexpaens females, ard males with doneinant alloles - - Affectecl malas ill ot paste daumant aloo to He con Cast mhett 4) bot will, puss theta {air dane hters Cdonumnane, - hen beh alleles ae fly expressed in He harenayaete. © More then 2 phanobypes possible, frrygect haeorycldifeent fom ailer homarupse ‘ whory 2 haeroryookes ove croséed| yresoltiny pharotype jo (%23 1 voheo- Molkole, Ades - Genas wth mare than alloles Gene. srterachens, ° Epreues © (yen ditlorest eeras at: dillesont leat wnferack fo affect ove pharehype um a Pattern of inheritance What is it? Monohybrid 1 gene, 2 alleles 3:1 , 2 gene on diff chromosomes, ihybri 9:3:3: o . 2 alleles each 1 Xch heth Hel X-linked Gene on X chromosome, Depends whether allele is absent on Y recessive or dominant 1 gene, 2 alleles, both full Codominance 8 — expressed in heterozygotes . Depends which alleles Multiple alleles 1 gene, >2 alleles spe involved h infl he a a 2 genes, both influence 1 Depends ont cho phenotype only go § — @rganis te 2 genes on same Depends which alleles are on o = Linked 6* chromosome the same chromosome . ower 9 pated chan Avbocumal Linkers 7 Not Linked > Linked pera = grove: Libely to A genes wo on te coun, clhemreeme, and ose Ecsiol, fo Le in an anhesemal, Unbaye, Le mhorited tyepivor Tao wnchopendeant ceceriment , ne eeperatun dunny anaphase- o Hee brackets Ly eeu ORMAS VR ON Gana, dhreresune Cees Cen) (EA) . CEAR with no backels indicates troy ore On diflesent chemocemae.- » Aad owas of CEN) with (ex)Ce) world gne a 12] -vatlen rot te 1211 role enperter| tomy dilrybrd CREE > bu ayer [aay Sve © [tl = folal lineope, - [he a byl Ne lec’ 010 he kuer te. chane, lowe e (EA) a) Ol} tal olneees (ea) (x) tb. is m ERO. ef seconlomerst clagees ee fear 67 Cresult of CRSERCH) ON) » (pee aor value = mocéure of distance behreen 2, pena. Lael. on chomassenes Thies He percentage des Lelong by te “reeemmbimant cluse © Gf te7 = (Qs/2 ° Ile ewallor He CHES ONO V¢ & te closer He loci exer tether + Tle closer the loci ewe Pe aver He chorce of COSENNY BVO Gop, muntebuns 5 Coussoo| ly MO (eg. (Oates) sadicthen UY redlahen nuostow eps) + Molahuns = wee fo mn 1. Whoopee during Wwe vepicalten . (ouses altered codons m mRNA cequence- May aller oruno aciel EaqoeKe, of polypephsle chain © (un vecol nm now alles (diferent forms of ona per) Affect ‘s pleronpe (appeewcre. ei of apie) ; ° Tc of manta lors SPO or Gr - Sobshboten - Treeren Jocdihen — belehen ° ioaplest f wv of eustahun involves only O chesney of MZ rodeo hehe. Couint nwabone ov Lace mutalens ) + Orly 4 nvcltohele « eee solchbhun m oena cody bor p lobin -vesu hs mp - diferent wabtor Sn “rate fg —ditterent tof, brings citferery CULino acick to ribose, -lpadle fo a change, Ae cin ONMUNO cxciol aA ply peptole oho - abled primans crocture —Fukunic add polor whereas yalinvis non-poleu™ - el cccendleyy ,feshoupy ancl ovarterrany shuchre, ‘ vk P yobin sue “ ; a - Hb molecule to become lose ealuble in lao 00, ; — Seren long {loves — (Ne Leceme crescent faclarshaped ~ Coury less ucjon » Sebloct vel) blorcl cells break den fader aware tach of MACs. > Glo coll cnisio = RBC agisnch mM coupllaries and book Wecx| flaw Cons pain ’ Gues, prvtechon a,gouinet ena puri. / Plasmreclium infechun Heft =pnormok b-glolan aolo, WS = ywlant Pqobin llole, NAHE = 2 normal & polypephdo allales Cnormal ) Hh? We = Q2molant b-pdyreptdle allatas Cidle cell anoemta) HPAL = A permal + 4 molant sicale call tout Couriers) latte haemerlolom is nermo Coderineuy} NJomiém > Clecat, lor use| by austoeonnadl, vecesene, motabon Nalsnin naisergy fern ayes bin anol hair. » Egenpens Pale lite dein ancl hair — Pine Sucs, — Trorecesxal ececephbilihy to eunburn Ashin cancer - Papidl , “por Que movemonts - Tend) f> have. parr wiejon —Tend 1p acid bright (ght © Queat furan ccuneeal by anbeumal reeesive motahon © Ta TYA pene cocking fur erauma fieannee. Trvdved 1 non ir \ an alich S roel) fur molanin erodwchun Na) walanogytts (ells Yat produce. plonin):- ° Tyrencer is oT) oxidace Cmnyme ‘ fas 2 Copper alums, binds 10, molocete, ; Transom bond, protein hurd at mambrone of malonosemas (large, epecihiced ogpnalles mM rvalonotytes) tyosme, + Motahen yeeu ls n dlacence / mache yrmsneoe, fyrosinese byoEnrUuse > SoPA > donayinuna —$$ > nvianm + Gent for Yoodl-cloling prtein (hacer VIE) is careal on X-chemeaseme ° lavsedl by X-linkecl recessive, motatun. x = nameul allole, Y= haemophilia alae, > foc VOL oof proclned reduc blenl cleng. ° Qympions > Haemophilia ==" -O% _e, - Blaedane wig joints : ss 0d wom OOSOw O6me ASO mT - lage bwises oe — Trlesnal bleedine why YH Ht male affected female normal — Why 2 ° No WeSHGAR of onary ancl Tesovrces + Ko expression of pmtem that may interfere vith call funehin Pep@scilla ermumas. ° Qyntesis can be poventel when a repressor profern binds tran opemfer a epecibic, ceo oF DUA. e Poprasccr SOPs binclines of RWA eolyrasose, Incuxilol, OnsH4 AOS © Synthesis only oceems when colhote & present © Trdvcer thet binds 4o regplatery protern Crepresce) “Gene's aritohad on - © fuundl n Gecherithier coli bacteria 2 Backeno-lives on SEAL fe» glucose an lactose - ¢ Lac opeen = eek of 5 RNAS nox f each other ‘ Codafur a TepRss Ue inducible, OnryMES - facZ,= coclos Pealactssilase (breaks deus laclsee mto galectose, ovr! clocoee) - lant = codas for Pemmoase Uncerenses lactose gpa ke) — lack = codas fw transacriylose, — a ° Recolabury gene, locl trak coclos fur REREL \S close by a T= Poprescor & accnsh he eaten =predocel all the tme, ° Poprasece pote) is an ablasteric protein =has 2 inching eiles sboA-bindirs, site, Co bins! fo operator rajon) 2- lecluee, brolirg site, » When locluse binds fds ce ,Hechape of protein chaneye0 > WwAsbincbng Site i6 closest * Peprasser te mach verteal Promoter Regulatory A ene Whan Here & no laces ° - : ; = * Regulaley gene. cecltsfur repressor - i ° Ropreseer not lund to lactoec, _ <“ a | ° Poprasscr- linds fe Opeserte- TEFON protein PUR Fevresso 2 RDA polymerase, conneh mone fo opercterarch shoueul ep 2 Ko frnscrphor of fhe, 3 genas . + Gonos ase, cuotthacl oFF ~
