Individual psychology, Summaries of Personality Psychology

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Raymond Cattell, Eysenck ,

McCrae and Costa

Basic concepts; Assessment and

Interventions; Critical evaluation

Presented by: Dr. Maryam

Munawar

• Raymond Cattell (1950) considered personality to be a pattern of Traits providing the key to understand it and predicting a person’s behavior.
• Cattell was interested in classifying people based on their different kinds of personalities.
• (^) He defined Traits as relatively permanent reaction tendencies that are basic structure of personality. 1. Surface Trait and Source Trait. (the 2 Major types of Trait) 2.Ability, temperament & Dynamic Traits 3.Constitutional & Environmental-mold traits

Raymond Cattell

ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES IN CATTELL’S

THEORY

L-Data (Life Records)- One’s Life Record.

Information about an individual's everyday behaviors and their behavioral patterns. 🢝 Pros: information can be obtained by filling out questionnaires. 🢝 Cons: provides limited information about the individual.

ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES IN CATTELL’S

THEORY

T-Data (Experimental) - Recorded reactions to

standardized experiments in a lab setting, designed to test study participant's response to certain situations. 🢝 Pros: provides objective data. 🢝 Cons - objective tests may be of limited use.

CATEGORIES OF TRAITS

Cattell defined Traits as relatively permanent reaction tendencies.

1. Common Traits – Shared by many however some people may have greater extent than to others. 2. Unique Traits- Peculiar to one individual. 3. Surface Traits – Traits that show a correlation but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source. 4. Source Traits- Stable and permanent traits that are the basic factors of personality, derived by the method of factor analysis. 5. Ability Traits - Determine how efficiently we will be able to work toward a goal. Intelligence.

CATEGORIES OF TRAITS

6.Temperament - refers to stylistic tendencies that largely show how a person moves toward a goal or situations. 7.Dynamic Traits- are person’s motivation and interest which set the person in action towards the goal.

• (^) THE 16PF
• (^) After extensive factor analytic research, Cattell[1979] concluded that there are approximately 16 source traits that constitute the underlying structure of personality.
• (^) He was then able to use a statistical technique known as factor analysis to identify traits that are related to one another. Factor analysis can be used to look at enormous amounts of data in order to look for trends and to see which elements are the most influential or important.

Evaluation

• Highly praised because of its attention to details, i.e “scientific method”
• Cattell focused on precise measures to study personality structure.

HANS EYSENCK Theory

• (^) He agreed with Cattell that personality is composed of traits, or factors, derived by the factor- analytic method.
• (^) ➢ Although Eysenck used factor analysis to uncover personality traits, he supplemented the method with personality tests and experimental studies that considered a wide range of variables.
• (^) ➢ Eysenck and his wife, together developed many of the questionnaires used in their research.

PEN- model

• (^) THREE DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY
• (^) 1. P –Psychoticism versus Impulse Control 2. E – Extraversion versus Introversion
• (^) 3. N –Neuroticism versus Emotional stability

PEN- model

• (^) PSYCHOTICISM vs IMPLULSE CONTROL
• (^) People who score high on psychoticism are often impulsive, hostile, aggressive, suspicious, psychopathic, and antisocial.
• (^) Low scorers tend to be altruistic, highly socialized, empathic, caring, and cooperative.

PEN- model NEUROTICISM vs STABILITY

• (^) People who score high on neuroticism often have a tendency to overreact emotionally and have difficulty returning to normal state after emotional arousal.
• (^) A stable person’s nervous system will generally be less reactive to stressful situations, remaining calm and level headed

Assessment and Intervention in Trait Theories Hans Eysenck's Theory 1.Assessment: Eysenck used personality questionnaires, such as the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), to assess individual differences in extraversion and neuroticism. 2.Intervention: Based on Eysenck's theory, interventions might focus on: Reducing neuroticism through anxiety management techniques. Increasing extraversion through social skills training.