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Infectious Diseases: Questions and Answers, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Pharmacology

Galen Health Institute - San AntonioPharmacology

A series of questions and answers related to infectious diseases, covering topics such as surgical procedures, antibiotic resistance, and fungal infections. It provides insights into the mechanisms of infection, the role of antibiotics, and the importance of infection control measures. Suitable for students in healthcare fields, particularly those studying microbiology, infectious diseases, or nursing.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2024/2025

Available from 01/17/2025

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NUR 210 Exam 4 - Galen
Principles of Pharmacology
100% Guarantee passing score
1. what are three surgical procedures that increase the risk for infection?
what is often given with/after the procedures to decrease the risk of infec-
tion
Answer>
1. orthopedic
2. cardiac
3. abdominal
prophylactic antibiotics given to reduce the risk of infection
2. why is there a risk for endocarditis with a patient who has an artificial valve,
having dental surgery
Answer>
in the gums are cut bacteria can get into the bloodstream and travel to the
heart and infect the artificial valve
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Download Infectious Diseases: Questions and Answers and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity!

NUR 210 Exam 4 - Galen

Principles of Pharmacology

100% Guarantee passing score

  1. what are three surgical procedures that increase the risk for infection? what is often given with/after the procedures to decrease the risk of infec- tion

Answer>

  1. orthopedic
  2. cardiac
  3. abdominal prophylactic antibiotics given to reduce the risk of infection
  4. why is there a risk for endocarditis with a patient who has an artificial valve, having dental surgery

Answer> in the gums are cut bacteria can get into the bloodstream and travel to the

heart and infect the artificial valve

  1. how can chemotherapy increase the risk for infection? what can be given with it to reduce the risk for infection

Answer> affects the bone marrow; prophylactic antibiotics

  1. what are the 5 stages of infection

Answer>

  1. incubation
    1. prodromal
    2. acute
    3. convalescent
    4. resolution
    5. what do bacteria change nitrate into? what does this indicate

Answer> nitrite; indicates bacteria in the urine

  1. what is one body fluid that you dont take gram stains on

Answer> blood

  1. how fast does a gram stain come back

Answer> within hours

  1. how long does a culture and sensitivity test take to come back

Answer> 24-72 hours

  1. what is bactericidal

Answer> kills bacteria

  1. What is a broad spectrum antibiotic

Answer> - able to control a variety of organisms (gram - or +)

  • used when you cannot identify what the organism causing the disease is
  • targets many bacteria ("shotgun approach)
  1. when are broad spectrum antibiotics used

Answer> when you do not know what organism is causing the problem

  1. What are narrow spectrum antibiotics

Answer> - effective against few organisms (either Gram positive OR Gram

negative)

  • used when you know which organism is causing the problems and which drug that it is sensitive to
  • targets one organism ("bb gun approach)
  1. When are narrow spectrum antibiotics used

Answer> Whenever the bacteria causing the disease is known

  1. what does selective toxicity mean

Answer> toxic to a specific cell (bacteria/microor- ganism) while sparing other

normal cells

  1. is bacterial resistance innate or acquired

Answer> both- can be either

  1. what is meant by bacterial resistance

Answer> ability of an organism to survive against an antimicrobial or to render the

antimicrobial ineffective

  1. What is a super infection

Answer> when an infection arises in addition to one that is already present; an

infection that occurs because of treatment for a primary infection

  1. what is meant by prophylactic antibiotic use

Answer> antibiotics that are used to PREVENT infection

  1. what are the two exceptions for getting a culture BEFORE starting antibi- otics

Answer> bacterial meningitis and severe sepsis

  1. why can giving an antibiotic/antimicrobial before identifying the organism cause issues

Answer> giving antimicrobials before getting a culture might prevent organ- isms

from growing in culture

  1. what is the trough level

Answer> drawn immediately before a certain dose; looks at how well the body

eliminates the drug that is supposed to; related to the time between doses

  1. how does C. diff happen

Answer> caused by antibiotics that kill normal flora

  1. C. diff is able to grow without this factor: growth
  2. why should you not give anti-diarrheals to a patient with C. diff

Answer> can cause toxic megacolon (psuedomembrane colitis)

  1. what are some signs/symptoms of C. diff

Answer> orange, watery diarrhea, abdom- inal cramping + tenderness

  1. why should you not send C. diff for a culture

Answer> takes way too long

  1. what is an important intervention to teach family members and anyone who goes in to a patient with C.diff's room

Answer> wash hands with soap and water

  1. what are the two drugs used to treat C. diff

Answer> PO/IV metronidazole or PO vancomycin

  1. PO/IV metronidazole or PO vancomycin are used to treat which bacterial infection

Answer> C. diff

  1. what happens to cause Candidas

Answer> antimicrobial agents kill pathogens as well as normal flora

  1. is candidas a bacterial or fungal infection

Answer> fungal

  1. what 3 places in the body can candidas grow

Answer> mouth, esophagus, vagina

  1. what two drugs can be used to treat candidas

Answer> Mycostatin and Nystatin

  1. Mycostatin and Nystatin are used to treat which fungal infection

Answer> candidas

  1. what are 3 ways that microorganisms can live and grow in an environment where antimicrobial drugs are present

ALL

CLL: CML

  1. an issue with Reed-Sternberg cells is found with which type of lymphoma?- : Hodgkin's disease/lymphoma
  2. what is the difference in the spreading of Hodgkins vs. Non-Hodgkin's disease

Answer> spreading is predictable with Hodgkins disease but it is unpredictable

and fast with non-Hodgkins

  1. bone fractures and increased osteoclasts are factors of what type of cancer

Answer> Multiple myeloma; cancer of the plasma cells

  1. what is the main difference between Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins Dis- ease

Answer> Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkins Disease

  1. is Non-Hodgkins disease insidious or abrupt onset

Answer> more abrupt than Hodgkins disease; spreads early

  1. is Hodgkins disease insidious or abrupt onset

Answer> insidious (slow)

  1. with an acute bacterial infection or trauma, which leukocyte would you expect to see an increase in

Answer> neutrophils

  1. with a chronic bacterial infection or an (acute) viral infection, which leuko- cyte would you expect to see a rise in

Answer> lymphocytes

  1. what is dimorphic fungi

Answer> It may grow as mycelia or yeast and are often associated with

disease in humans and are temperature dependent

  1. which spreads faster, Hodgkins or Non-Hodgkins disease

Answer> Non-Hodgkins

  1. Where is aspergillis commonly found

Answer> ventilation systems, unfiltered air, contaminated dust during hospital

construction and rennovation

  1. crytpococcus infection is usually seen as what

Answer> meningitis

  1. which fungal infection presents with chronic, granulomatous lesions and skin lesions? how does it get into the body

Answer> Blastomycosis; inhalation

  1. Where is blastomycosis endemic

Answer> eastern US

  1. Histoplasmosis has an effect on what major organ

Answer> lungs

  1. How does histoplasmosis enter the body

Answer> inhalation

  1. Bird and bat droppings, contaminated soil, caves, and chicken coops are all ways in which what fungal infection can spread

Answer> Histoplasmosis

  1. can histoplasmosis be spread from person to person

Answer> NO- must have contact with contaminated soil

  1. flu-like cough, chest pain, fever, dyspnea, and HEMOPTYSIS are symptoms of which fungal infection
  1. CMV (CytomegaloVirus) is only a real problem with which group of pa- tients

Answer> immunocompromised

  1. neutropenia is usually seen with what type of patients

Answer> cancer patients

  1. What is a CBC with differential

Answer> measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in a sample of 100

cells

  1. with a bacterial infection (acute), most of the increase in WBCs will be

Answer> neutrophils

  1. what is the difference between segs and bands

Answer> segs (segmented) neu- trophils are mature, bands are immature

neutrophils

  1. what is meant by a "shift to the left"? what is it indicative of

Answer> increase in band neutrophils- indicates that the body is overwhelmed by

the infection because the neutrophils don't have time to mature

  1. what does dermatophyte mean

Answer> cant grow at body temp

  1. which white blood cells are the first to arrive at the site of inflammation?- : neutrophils
  2. which white blood cells are the primary cells of immune response

Answer> lym- phocytes

  1. you see an increase of monocytes with which type of infection? when do they arrive

Answer> bacterial; arrive after neutrophils

  1. What is agranulocytosis

Answer> decrease in # of granulocytes