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Navy Children School,

Visakhapatnam

Investigatory Project 2023- 24 Name: - Tamanna Hazra Class: - XII A Subject: - Biology Topic: - Infertility- Causes and Treatment

Certificate

This is to certify that, this Biology Investigatory Project on the Topic “ Infertility- causes and Treatment ” has been successfully completed by Tamanna Hazra of Class XII A under the guidance of Mr. A Srinivasa Rao (P.G.T Biology) at Navy Children School, Visakhapatnam for the partial fulfilment of Biology Practical in the curriculum of AISSCE-CBSE, New Delhi for the academic year 2023 - 24.

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Signature of External Examiner Signature of Internal Examiner

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Signature of Principal

INDEX

❖ CERTIFICATE ❖ ACKNOWLEGDEMENT ❖ ABSTRACT ❖ THEORY

• Primary Infertility
• Secondary Infertility
• Primary v/s Secondary ❖ EFFECTS
• Psychological effects
• Social effects ❖ CAUSES
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Genetic Causes
• General Factors ❖ INFERTILITY IN FEMALES ❖ INFERTILITY IN MALES
• Combined Infertility
• Unexplained Infertility ❖ TREATMENT ❖ EFFECT ON THE POPULATION

ABSTRACT

Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to reproduce by natural means. It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult organism except ❖ CONCLUSION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY notably among certain eusocial species. In humans, infertility may describe a woman who is unable to conceive as well as being unable to carry pregnancy to full term. There are many biological and other causes

THEORY

PRIMARY INFERTILITY

• Primary infertility happens when a couple has never conceived earlier and has been unsuccessful in making a baby.
• In order to render a diagnosis of primary infertility, it is necessary that the couple has been having unprotected intercourse for at least 12 months without luck
• The next step is to visit a fertility specialist to run some fertility tests

CAUSES OF PRIMARY INFERTILITY

The common causes of Primary Infertility are as follows: - 1.Hormonal imbalances

• Hypogonadism
• Hypothyroidism etc. 2.Poor Sperm quality
• Oligospermia
• Asthenospermia
• Terazoospermia etc. 3.Ovary problems
• Anovulation
• Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
• Early Menopause etc. 4.Tubal factor
• Salpingitis
• Hydrosalpinx
• Endometriosis etc. 5.Uterine factor
• Uterine abnormalities
• Myomatosis
• Cervix disorders etc. 6.Genetic causes

SECONDARY INFERTILITY

• Secondary infertility occurs when a couple were able to conceive and give birth to a child in the past, but they are unable to conceive when attempting to have another baby.
• From the social viewpoint, secondary infertility is not considered as severe as primary infertility, since at least the couple was able to have one child or even two children. But for the couple, being unable to increase the family size can turn out to be a stressful situation.
• These patients typically feel misunderstood by family members and even doctors, who do not see their problem as a serious one.

CAUSES OF SECONDARY INFERTILITY

• In general, the causes of secondary infertility are very similar to those of primary infertility, which you can find listed above.
• Nonetheless, it should be noted that secondary infertility is surprisingly common in our society, due simply to the passage of time.
• Advanced maternal age, along with a decreased egg count (ovarian reserve), are the main causes of secondary infertility.
• When a woman turns 35, her fertility experiences a dramatic decrease. This is the reason why getting pregnant now may be complicated, even if the couple was able to achieve pregnancy easily a few years ago.

What is the Difference Between Primary and

Secondary Infertility?

Primary infertility is one type of infertility that a

couple would be diagnosed with when they are

unable to have a child at all. A childless couple

faces this condition. On the other hand,

secondary infertility is the second type of

infertility that a couple would be diagnosed

with not getting pregnant with their second

child.

EFFECTS

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

• The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability.
• The medicalisation of Infertility has unwittingly led to a disregard for the emotional responses that couples experience, which include distress, loss of control, stigmatization, and a disruption in the developmental trajectory of adulthood.
• One of the main challenges in assessing the distress levels in women with infertility is the accuracy of self-report measures. It is possible that women "fake good" in order to appear mentally healthier than they are.
• It is also possible that women feel a sense of hopefulness/increased optimism prior to initiating

• Infertility may have psychological effects. Parenthood is one of the major transitions in adult life for both men and women.
• The stress of the non-fulfilment of a wish for a child has been associated with emotional consequences such as anger, depression, anxiety, marital problems and feelings of worthlessness.
• Partners may become more anxious to conceive, increasing sexual dysfunction.
• Marital discord often develops, especially when they are under pressure to make medical decisions. Women trying to conceive often have depression rates similar to women who have heart disease or cancer.
• Emotional stress and marital difficulties are greater in couples where the infertility lies with the man. Male and female partner respond differently to infertility problems.
• In general, women show higher depression levels than their male partners when dealing with infertility.
• A possible explanation may be that women feel more responsible and guilty than men during the

process of trying to conceive. On the other hand, infertile men experience a psychosomatic distress. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

CAUSES

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

There is a multitude of sexually transmitted

diseases, most of them curable today. However, if

not detected and treated early, they can have

serious reproductive health problems for men and

women.

The microorganisms that most commonly cause

alterations in male and female fertility are the

following:

• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhoea
• Syphilis
• Herpes
• Trichomoniasis
• Human papilloma virus [HPV]
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]

The infections of this type of microorganisms in

both men and women can make it difficult to

become pregnant, whether due to alterations in

the spermatozoa, the functionality of the tubes or

the fertilization between the ovum and the

spermatozoa.