Integration and Differentiation - Computational Methods - Lecture Slides, Slides of Calculus for Engineers

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Engr/Math/Physics 25

Chp9: Integration

& Differentiation

Learning Goals

• Demonstrate Geometrically the Concepts

of Numerical Integ. & Diff.

• Integrals → Trapezoidal, Simpson’s, and Higher-

order rules

• Derivative → Finite Difference Methods
• Use MATLAB to Numerically Evaluate

Math/Data Integrals

• Use MATLAB to Numerically Evaluate

Math/Data Derivatives

Why Differentiate, Integrate?

• Integration: Integration is commonplace in Science

and Engineering

Calculation of Geographic Areas

River Channel Cross Section

Wind-Force Loading

Review: Integration

• Integration: the area

under the curve

described by the

function f ( x ) with

respect to the

independent variable

x , evaluated between

the limits

x = a to x = b.

A

b

a

A f x dx

Integral Properties

• Indefinite Intregral w/

Variable End-Pts

y x^  (^)  g x dx^  f x Const

 Initial/Final Value

Formulations

y  t 0 g x dx f  t y  0

t  (^)   

y t g x dx y  f t

y t g x dx f t y

t

t

   

   



 



 Piecewise Property

a

x

y

c b

  ^ ^  ^   

c a

b c

b

a f x dx f x dx f x dx

 Linearity → for

Constants p & q

  ^  

^  ^   



b a

b a

b a

p f x dx q g x dx

p f x q g x dx

Derivative Properties

• PRODUCT Rule
  • Given

y  x  f  x  g x

• Then • Then

 QUOTIENT Rule

• Given

    dx

df g x dx

dg f x dx

dy  

 

  g x

f x y x 

g  x

dx

dg f x dx

df g x

dx

dy 2

 

Why Numerical Methods?

• Numerical Integration
  • Very often, the function f ( x ) to differentiate, or the integrand to integrate, is TOO COMPLEX to yield exact analytical solutions.
  • In most cases in engineering testing, the function f ( x ) is only available in a TABULATED form with values known only at DISCRETE POINTS

Numerical Integration

• Game Plan: Divide

Unknown Area into

Strips (or boxes), and

Add Up

 To Improve

Accuracy the TOP of

the Strip can Be

• Slanted Lines
  • Trapezoidal Rule
• Parabolas
  • Simpson’s Rule
• Higher Order PolyNomials

Strip-Count Effect

 Adaptive Integration → INCREASE the strip-

Count in Regions with Large SLOPES

• More Strips of Constant Width Tends to work just as well

10 Strips 20 Strips

dy/dx by Finite Difference Approx.

y(x)

y(x)

y(x-Δx)

y(x)

y(x+Δx)

 Derivative at Point-x :

x

y dx

dy m 

  

• Forward Difference      

    x

y x x y x x x x

y x x y x x

y mfwd 

    

   

 

• Backward Difference

x

y x y x x

x x x

y x y x x x

y mbkwd



  

 

   



dy/dx by Discrete-Point Difference

• From Previous LET

1 1

1 1

 

       

      

n n n

n n n y y y y y y y y

x x x x x x x x

 The FORWARD Difference Calc

n n

n n

fwd

fwd

x x x x

y y

x

y

dx

dy

n



  

  



 (^1)

1

dy/dx by Discrete-Point Difference

• The BACKWARD Difference Calc

 The CENTRAL Difference Calc

1 1

1 1

 

 

 

  

  n n

n n

cent

cent

x x x x

y y

x

y

dx

dy

n

1

1





 

  

  n n

n n

bkwd

bkwd

x x x x

y y

x

y

dx

dy

n

Discrete Point dy/dx Pt x y Fwd dy/dx Bk dy/dx Cent dy/dx 1 1.216 0.382 0. 2 2.263 1.350 0.2445 0.9248 0. 3 3.032 1.538 0.5390 0.2445 0. 4 4.062 2.093 -1.0275 0.5390 -0. 5 5.122 1.003 0.1208 -1.0275 -0. 6 6.124 1.124 6.8226 0.1208 3. 7 7.100 7.781 6.6722 6.8226 6. 8 8.071 14.260 -0.2581 6.6722 2. 9 9.215 13.964 -11.5670 -0.2581 -5. 10 10.046 4.353 41.9968 -11.5670 19. 11 11.168 51.459 -26.9751 41.9968 8. 12 12.228 22.859 97.8991 -26.9751 26. 13 13.025 100.873 5.0713 97.8991 43. 14 14.135 106.504 -67.7185 5.0713 -30. 15 15.204 34.153 123.3603 -67.7185 14. 16 16.015 134.249 123.

(^00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 )

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

x

y

Compare Fwd, Bkwd, Cent Diffs

(^00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 )

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

x

y

Finite Difference Calc

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Point

[dy/dy]/average

F/avg B/avg C/avg