Interpersonal Communication: Navigating Relationships and Social Dynamics, Exams of Nursing

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SPCH 1318 Part I Exam Review(latest

update)questions with correct answers

(20)

Interpersonal communication is like breathing; it is a ___ for life. - correct answer ✔✔requirement Other-oriented - correct answer ✔✔to be aware of the thoughts, needs, experiences, personality, emotions, motives, desires, culture, and goals of your communication partners while still maintaining your own integrity Being other oriented is not a single skill, but a ___ that are designed to increase your sensitivity to and understanding of others. - correct answer ✔✔collection of skills and principles Scholars have attempted to arrive at a general definition of communication for decades, yet experts cannot agree on a single one. - correct answer ✔✔More than 126 published definitions Communication - correct answer ✔✔the process of acting on information Human communication - correct answer ✔✔the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal messages We learn about the world by ___. - correct answer ✔✔listening, observing, tasting, touching and smelling Interpersonal communication - correct answer ✔✔a distinctive, transactional form of human communication involving mutual influence, usually for the purpose of managing relationships Human communication encompasses many media, such as ___. - correct answer ✔✔speeches, email, songs, radio and television broadcasts, podcasts, online discussion groups, letters, books, articles, poems, and advertisements

Today, interpersonal communication is defined not only by the number of people who communicate, but also by ___. - correct answer ✔✔the quality of communication Interpersonal communication occurs when ___. - correct answer ✔✔you treat the other person as a unique human being Impersonal communication - correct answer ✔✔occurs when you treat others as objects or respond to their roles rather than who they are as unique persons We use social media to ___ personal relationships with individuals. - correct answer ✔✔enrich "I-It" relationship - correct answer ✔✔an impersonal relationship, in which the other person is viewed as an "It" rather than as an authentic, genuine person "I-Thou" relationship - correct answer ✔✔occurs when you interact with another person as a unique, authentic individual rather than as an object or an "it"; this relationship is not self-centered; the communicators are kind and forgiving Mass communication - correct answer ✔✔occurs when one person communicates the same message to many people at once, but the creator of the message is usually not physically present, and listeners have virtually no opportunity to respond immediately to the speaker Public communication - correct answer ✔✔occurs when a speaker addresses the audience Small group communication - correct answer ✔✔occurs when a group of three to fifteen people meet to interact with a common purpose and mutually influence one another; the purpose of the gathering can be to solve a problem, make a decision, learn, or have fun Intrapersonal communication - correct answer ✔✔communication with yourself; thinking is perhaps the best example of intrapersonal communication

Mutual influence - correct answer ✔✔means all partners in the communication are affected by a transaction that may or may not involve words An "I-thou" relationship includes the quality of being fully ___ when communicating with the other person. - correct answer ✔✔"present" What is neither you nor I, but always you and I? - correct answer ✔✔a relationship Relationship - correct answer ✔✔a connection established when you communicate with another person; when two individuals are in a relationship, what one person says or does influences the other person Whether it occurs on- or offline, interpersonal communication helps you ___ your relationships. - correct answer ✔✔manage Why learn about interpersonal communication? - correct answer ✔✔It touches every aspect of our lives. It is also vital for our well-being and desirable to develop quality interpersonal relationships with others. Learning how to understand and improve interpersonal communication can ___ with our family, friends, loved ones, colleagues, and can enrich the quality of our physical and emotional health. - correct answer ✔✔enhance About half of all marriages end in ___. - correct answer ✔✔divorce Being able to have conversations with family members and loved ones is the fundamental way of establishing ___. - correct answer ✔✔close, personal relationships with them and with others. For unmarried people, ___ and ___ are the top-rated sources of satisfaction and happiness in life. - correct answer ✔✔developing friendships and falling in love Studying interpersonal communication may not unravel all the ___, but it can offer insights into behaviors. - correct answer ✔✔mysteries of romantic love and friendships

Although you choose your friends and romantic partners, you don't always have the same flexibility in choosing those with ___. - correct answer ✔✔whom or for whom you work Your success or failure in a job often hinges on ___. - correct answer ✔✔how well you get along with supervisors and peers Positive interpersonal relationships with others have direct benefits for ___. - correct answer ✔✔your overall health and happiness The lack or loss of a close relationship can lead to ___. - correct answer ✔✔ill health and even death Without companions and close friends, opportunities for intimacy and stress-minimizing interpersonal communication are ___. - correct answer ✔✔diminished Interpersonal communication is a complex process of ___. - correct answer ✔✔creating meaning in the context of an interpersonal relationship The most basic components of communication include ___. - correct answer ✔✔source, message, channel, receiver, noise, feedback and context Source - correct answer ✔✔the originator of the ideas and feelings expressed; the source puts the message into a code, a process called encoding Encoding - correct answer ✔✔to translate ideas, feelings, and thoughts into a code The opposite of encoding is ___. - correct answer ✔✔decoding, which occurs when the receiver interprets the words or nonverbal cues Messages - correct answer ✔✔written, spoken, and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning Channel - correct answer ✔✔the means by which the message is expressed to the receiver

Receiver - correct answer ✔✔the person or persons who interpret the message and ultimately determine whether your message was understood and appropriate Noise - correct answer ✔✔anything that interferes with the message being interpreted as it was intended; this is always present Feedback - correct answer ✔✔the response to the message; without this, communication is rarely effective Context - correct answer ✔✔the physical and psychological environment for communication The elements of the communication process are typically arranged in ___. - correct answer ✔✔one of three communication models Communication as Action: Message Transfer - correct answer ✔✔the oldest and simplest model; a transferring of meaning; communication takes place when a message is sent and recieved Communication as Interaction: Message Exchange - correct answer ✔✔the perspective of communication as interaction adds two elements to the action model: feedback and context; more realistic than the action perspective, but still has limitations Communication as Transaction: Message Creation - correct answer ✔✔the most sophisticated and realistic model; each element influences all of the other elements in the process at the same time; all communication processes are simultaneous Systems theory - correct answer ✔✔a set of interconnected elements in which a change in one element affects all of the other elements; key elements of any system include inputs (all of the variables that go into the system), throughputs (all of the things that make communication a process), and outputs (what the system produces) Episode - correct answer ✔✔a sequence of interactions between individuals during which the message of one person influences the message of another

Interpersonal communication connects us to others - correct answer ✔✔fundamental to an understanding of interpersonal communication is the assumption that the quality of interpersonal relationships stems from the quality of communication Interpersonal communication is irreversable - correct answer ✔✔Once created, communication has the physical property of matter; it can't be un-created (it never loops back on itself) Interpersonal communication is complicated - correct answer ✔✔No form of communication is simple; one of the purposes of communication is to reduce our uncertainty about what is happening at any given moment; because of the variables involved in interpersonal exchanges, even simple requests are extremely complex Symbol - correct answer ✔✔When humans communicate, they interpret information from others as these. A word, sound, or visual image that represents something else, such as a thought, concept, or object (language is a system of these) Interpersonal communication is governed by rules - correct answer ✔✔Interpersonal communication rules are developed by the people involved in the interaction and by the culture in which the individuals are communicating Rule - correct answer ✔✔a followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited in certain contexts; may be implicit or explicit Interpersonal communication involves both content and relationship dimensions - correct answer ✔✔What you say (your words) and how you say it (your tone of voice, amount of eye contact, facial expression, and posture) can reveal much about the true meaning of your message Content - correct answer ✔✔consists of the information, ideas, or suggested action that the speaker wishes to share Relationship dimension - correct answer ✔✔offers cues about the emotions, attitudes, and amount of power and control the speaker feels with regard to the other person

Metacommunication - correct answer ✔✔verbal or nonverbal communication about communication; accurately decoding metamessages helps you understand what people really mean and can help you "listen between the lines" of what someone is expressing Social media - correct answer ✔✔a variety of technological applications such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram that serve as channels to help people connect to one another Electronically mediated communication (EMC) - correct answer ✔✔includes email, text, or any other method of electronic communication Social media has transformed the way we ___ relationships in the twenty-first century. - correct answer ✔✔make, maintain, and dissolve Emotional contagion - correct answer ✔✔the process whereby people mimic the emotions of others after watching and hearing their emotional expressions Hyperpersonal relationships - correct answer ✔✔a relationship formed primarily through electronically mediated communication that becomes more personal than an equivalent face-to-face relationship because of the absence of distracting external cues, smaller amounts of personal information, and idealization of the communication partnet Asynchronous messages - correct answer ✔✔are not read, heard, or seen at the same they are sent; there is a time delay between the sending of the message and its receipt Synchronous messages - correct answer ✔✔are sent and received instantly and simultaneously (face-to- face conversations are synchronous) Social presence - correct answer ✔✔the feeling we have when we act and think as if we're involved in an unmediated, face-to-face conversation even though messages are being sent electronically cues-filtered-out theory - correct answer ✔✔this theory suggested that emotional expression is severely restricted when we communicate using only text messages; nonverbal cues such as facial expression, gestures, and tone of voice are filtered out

media richness theory - correct answer ✔✔suggests that the richness of a communication channel is based on the amount of feedback that the communicator can receive, the number of cues that the channel can convey and that can be interpreted by a receiver, the variety of language that a communicator uses, and the potential for expressing emotions and feelings Social information-processing theory - correct answer ✔✔suggests that we can communicate relational and emotional messages via the Internet, but it may take longer to express messages that are typically communicated with facial expressions and tone of voice To be a competent communicator is to express messages that are perceived to be ___ and ___. - correct answer ✔✔effective and appropriate egocentric communicator - correct answer ✔✔person who creates messages without giving much thought to the person who is listening; a communicator who is self-focused and self-absorbed Ethics - correct answer ✔✔the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which a person determines what is right or wrong Self - correct answer ✔✔that central inner force, common to all human beings and yet unique in each, which is the deep source of growth Self-concept - correct answer ✔✔a subjective description of who you think you are; it is filtered through your own perceptions; labels you consistently use to describe yourself to others A healthy self-concept is ___. - correct answer ✔✔flexible Attitude - correct answer ✔✔a learned predisposition to respond to a person, subject, or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way; they reflect what you like and what you don't like Beliefs - correct answer ✔✔the ways in which you structure your understanding of reality; what is true and what is false for you; most are based on previous experience

How are attitudes and beliefs reflected? - correct answer ✔✔They often function quite independently of each other. Values - correct answer ✔✔enduring concepts of good or bad, right and wrong; they are more resistant to change than either your attitudes or beliefs; more difficult for most people to identify; so central to who you are that it is difficult to isolate them Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes in Relation to Self - correct answer ✔✔Values are central to our behavior and concept of self and that we believe to be true or false stems from our values (that's why it's in the center). Attitudes are at the outer edge of the circle because they are most likely to change. Beliefs are between the attitudes and values because they are more likely to change than our core values but don't change as much as our attitudes. To be self-aware is to be ___. - correct answer ✔✔mindful Mindfulness - correct answer ✔✔the ability to think consciously about what you are doing and experiencing, rather than responding out of habit or intuition Three ways of being mindfully self-aware - correct answer ✔✔subjective self-awareness, objective self- awareness, and symbolic self awareness Subjective self-awareness - correct answer ✔✔the ability to differentiate ourselves from the environment; you are a separate being from your surroundings Objective self-awareness - correct answer ✔✔the ability to be the object of own thoughts and attention; you have the ability to think about your own thoughts as you are thinking about them; not only you are aware that you're separate from your environment, but you can also ponder the distinct thoughts you are thinking about Symbolic self-awareness - correct answer ✔✔unique to humans, the ability not only to think about ourselves, but to use language (symbols) to represent ourselves to others Four-stage model of how aware or unaware we are of what we are doing at any given moment - correct answer ✔✔1. Unconscious incompetence

2. Conscious incompetence
3. Conscious competence
4. Unconscious competence Unconscious incompetence - correct answer ✔✔you are unaware of your own competence; you don't know what you know Conscious incompetence - correct answer ✔✔At this level, you become aware or conscious that you are incompetent: you don't know what you know Conscious competence - correct answer ✔✔You are aware that you know something, but applying it has not yet become a habit Unconscious competence - correct answer ✔✔At this level, your skills become second nature to you Three components of the self - correct answer ✔✔Material self, social self, and spiritual self Material self - correct answer ✔✔the total of all tangible things you own: your body, your possessions, and your home Social self - correct answer ✔✔the part of you that interacts with others Spiritual self - correct answer ✔✔Consists of all your thoughts and introspections about your values and moral standards. It does not depend on what you own or with whom you talk; it is the essence of who you think you are and your feelings about yourself apart from external evaluations. It is an amalgam of your religious beliefs and your sense of who you are in relationship to other forces in the universe Learning who you are through five basic means: - correct answer ✔✔1. Interactions with individuals
5. Associations with groups
6. Roles you assume
7. self-labels

5. Your personality Looking-glass self - correct answer ✔✔concept that suggests you learn who you are based on your interactions with others, who reflect your self back to you (like a figurative looking glass) We are likely to incorporate others' comments into our self-concept under three conditions - correct answer ✔✔1. How frequently the message is presented
6. Whether the message is perceived as credible
7. Whether the message is consistent Attachment style - correct answer ✔✔the emotional and relational bond that you developed early on with both of your parents- that is, how attached you felt to one or both of your parents or your primary caregiver Secure attachment style - correct answer ✔✔if you are comfortable giving and receiving affection, experiencing intimacy, and trusting other people Anxious attachment style - correct answer ✔✔those who experience anxiety in some intimate relationships and feel uncomfortable giving and receiving affection Avoidant attachment style - correct answer ✔✔those who consistently experience discomfort and awkwardness in intimate relationships and who therefore avoid such relationships Androgynous role - correct answer ✔✔gender role that includes both masculine and feminine qualities Self-reflexiveness - correct answer ✔✔the human ability to be objectively self-aware- to think about what we are doing while we are doing it psychology - correct answer ✔✔the study of how your thinking and emotional responses influence the way you behave

Personality - correct answer ✔✔Consists of a set of enduring behavioral characteristics and internal predispositions for reacting to your environment Big Five Personality Traits - correct answer ✔✔1. extroversion

2. agreeableness
3. conscientiousness
4. neuroticism
5. Openness Extraversion - correct answer ✔✔describing someone as outgoing, talkative, positive, and sociable Agreeableness - correct answer ✔✔describing someone as friendly, compassionate, trusting, and cooperative Conscientiousness - correct answer ✔✔describing someone as efficient, organized, self-disciplined, dutiful, and methodical Neuroticism - correct answer ✔✔Describing someone as nervous, insecure, emotionally distressed, and anxious Openness - correct answer ✔✔describing someone as curious, imaginative, creative, adventurous, and inventive Communibiological approach - correct answer ✔✔perspective that suggests that genetic and biological influences play a major role in influencing communication behavior Social learning theory - correct answer ✔✔suggests that we can learn how to adapt and adjust our behavior towards others; the way we behave is not solely dependent on our genetic makeup Shyness - correct answer ✔✔the behavioral tendency to not talk with others

Communication apprehension - correct answer ✔✔the fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons Willingness to communicate - correct answer ✔✔a behavioral trait that describes a person's comfortableness with and likelihood of initiating communication with other people Self-worth - correct answer ✔✔your evaluation of your worth or value based on your perception of such things such as your skills, abilities, talents, and appearance; used interchangeably with self-esteem Self-efficacy - correct answer ✔✔a person's belief in his or her ability to perform a specific task in a particular situation Social comparison - correct answer ✔✔process of comparing yourself to others who are similar to you, to measure your worth and value Life position - correct answer ✔✔feelings of regard for self and others, as reflected in one's sense of worth and self-esteem Your ___ is important to you. - correct answer ✔✔face Face - correct answer ✔✔an image of yourself you present to others for acceptance and confirmation Facework - correct answer ✔✔refers to using communication to maintain your own self-image and seek approval of your face; you are also engaged in facework when you support, reinforce, or challenge someone else's face Positive face - correct answer ✔✔a positive image of yourself to others Preventative facework - correct answer ✔✔used to avoid developing a negative impression of yourself; in fact, you actively work to maintain and enhance your positive perception of yourself

Corrective facework - correct answer ✔✔when you "save face" by correcting what others may perceive as a negative perception of you Face-threatening acts - correct answer ✔✔when you communicate in a way that undermines or challenges someone's positive face; you may not intend for some- thing you say or do to threaten someone else's face Politeness theory - correct answer ✔✔suggests not only that people have a tendency to promote a positive image of themselves (a positive face) but also that people will have a positive perception of others who treat them politely and respectfully Intrapersonal communication is also called ___. - correct answer ✔✔self-talk Visualization - correct answer ✔✔takes the notion of self-talk one step further; besides just telling yourself that you can achieve your goal, you can actually try to "see" yourself conversing effectively with others, performing well on a project, or exhibiting some other desirable behavior Reframing - correct answer ✔✔the process of redefining events and experiences from a different point of view Social support - correct answer ✔✔Expression of empathy and concern for others that is communicated while listening to them and offering positive and encouraging words talk therapy - correct answer ✔✔Technique in which a person describes his or her problems and concerns to a skilled listener in order to better understand the emotions and issues creating the problems Symbolic interaction theory - correct answer ✔✔founded on the assumption that we make sense of the world through our interactions with others Self-fulfilling prophecy - correct answer ✔✔Prediction about future actions that is likely to come true because the person believes that it will come true

Need for inclusion - correct answer ✔✔the desire to participate in activities with others and to experience human contact and fellowship Need for control - correct answer ✔✔Interpersonal need for some degree of influence in our relationships, as well as the need to be controlled Need for affection - correct answer ✔✔We need to give and receive love, support, warmth, and intimacy, although the amounts we need vary enormously from person to person Self-disclosure - correct answer ✔✔occurs when we purposefully provide information to others about ourselves that they would not learn if we did not tell them Self-awareness - correct answer ✔✔an understanding of who you are; In addition to just thinking about who you are, asking others for information about yourself and then listening to what they tell you can enhance your self-awareness Johari Window Model - correct answer ✔✔Model of self-disclosure that summarizes how self-awareness is influenced by self-disclosure and information about yourself from others Communication social style - correct answer ✔✔it is an identifiable way of habitually communicating with others Assertiveness - correct answer ✔✔the tendency to accomplish a task by making requests, asking for information, and generally looking out for one's own rights and best interests; you are assertive when you seek information if you are confused or direct others to help you get what you need Responsiveness - correct answer ✔✔Tendency to be sensitive to the needs of others, including being sympathetic to others' feelings and placing the feelings of others above one's own feelings Perception - correct answer ✔✔the process of experiencing your world and then making sense out of what you experience

Interpersonal perception - correct answer ✔✔Process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting your observations of other people Passive perception - correct answer ✔✔Perception that occurs without conscious effort, simply in response to one's surroundings Active perception - correct answer ✔✔Perception that occurs because you seek out specific information through intentional observation and questioning Selective perception - correct answer ✔✔occurs when we see, hear, or make sense of the world around us based on a host of factors such as our personality, beliefs, attitudes, likes, dislikes, hopes, fears, and culture Selective attention - correct answer ✔✔the process of focusing on specific stimuli; we selectively lock on to some things in our environment and ignore others; as in the selective perception process, we are likely to attend to those things around us that relate to our needs and wants Selective exposure - correct answer ✔✔Tendency to put ourselves in situations that reinforce our attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors Selective recall - correct answer ✔✔Process that occurs when we remember things we want to remember and forget or repress things that are unpleasant, uncomfortable, or unimportant to us Thin slicing - correct answer ✔✔Observing a small sample of someone's behavior and then making a generalization about what the person is like, based on the sample Cognitive schema - correct answer ✔✔A mental framework used to organize and categorize human experiences Superimpose - correct answer ✔✔to place a familiar structure on information you select Closure - correct answer ✔✔the process of filling in missing information or gaps in what we perceive

Impressions - correct answer ✔✔collections of perceptions about others that we maintain and use to interpret their behaviors. Impression formation theory - correct answer ✔✔Theory that explains how you develop perceptions about people and how you maintain and use those perceptions to interpret their behaviors Implicit personality theory - correct answer ✔✔Your unique set of beliefs and hypotheses about what people are like Construct - correct answer ✔✔Bipolar quality or continuum used to classify people Uncertainty reduction theory - correct answer ✔✔Theory that claims people seek information in order to reduce uncertainty, thus achieving control and predictability Primacy effect - correct answer ✔✔Tendency to attend to the first pieces of information observed about another person in order to form an impression Predicted outcome theory (POV) - correct answer ✔✔People predict the future of a relationship based on how they size up someone during their first interaction Recency effect - correct answer ✔✔Tendency to attend to the most recent information observed about another person in order to form or modify an impression Halo effect - correct answer ✔✔in which we attribute a variety of positive qualities to them without personally confirming the existence of these qualities. Horn effect - correct answer ✔✔Attributing a variety of negative qualities to those you dislike Attribution theory - correct answer ✔✔Theory that explains how you generate explanations for people's behaviors.

Casual attribution theory - correct answer ✔✔Theory of attribution that identifies the cause of a person's actions as circumstance, a stimulus, or the person himself or herself Standpoint theory - correct answer ✔✔Theory that a person's social position, power, or cultural background influences how the person perceives the behavior of others Culture - correct answer ✔✔Learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people. Stereotype - correct answer ✔✔to attribute a set of qualities to the person because of his or her membership in some category Fundamental attribution error - correct answer ✔✔occurs when we think that a person's behavior is influenced by his or her actions and choices rather than by external causes self-serving bias - correct answer ✔✔the tendency to perceive our own behavior as more positive than others' behavior and to avoid taking responsibility for our own errors and mistakes Indirect perception checking - correct answer ✔✔Seeking through passive perception, such as observing and listening, additional information to confirm or refute interpretations you are making Direct perception checking - correct answer ✔✔Asking for confirmation from the observed person of an interpretation or a perception about him or her Five human differences that influence human communication - correct answer ✔✔gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, age, and social class Discrimination - correct answer ✔✔Unfair or inappropriate treatment of people based on their group membership Sex - correct answer ✔✔Biologically based differences that determine whether one is male or female

Gender - correct answer ✔✔Socially learned and reinforced characteristics that include one's biological sex and psychological characteristics (femininity, masculinity, androgyny) Men often communicate to ___; women often communicate to ___. - correct answer ✔✔report; establish rapport race - correct answer ✔✔A group of people with a common cultural history, nationality, or geographical location, as well as genetically transmitted physical attributes; based on physiological attributes Ethnicity - correct answer ✔✔Social classification based on nationality, religion, language, and ancestral heritage, shared by a group of people who also share a common geographical origin Culture - correct answer ✔✔Learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people Worldview - correct answer ✔✔Individual perceptions or perceptions by a culture or group of people about key beliefs and issues, such as death, God, and the meaning of life, which influence interaction with others Enculturation - correct answer ✔✔The process of transmitting a group's culture from one generation to the next Co-culture - correct answer ✔✔A microculture; a distinct culture within a larger culture (such as the gay and lesbian co-culture) Acculturation - correct answer ✔✔The process of transmitting a host culture's values, ideas, and beliefs to someone from outside that culture Individualism - correct answer ✔✔One of the most prominent dimensions of a culture is that of individualism versus collectivism. Individualistic cultures such as those in North America value individual achievement and personal accomplishment.

Cultural context - correct answer ✔✔Aspects of the environment and/or nonverbal cues that convey information not explicitly communicated through language. High-context culture - correct answer ✔✔Culture in which people derive much information from nonverbal and environmental cues. Low-context culture - correct answer ✔✔Culture in which people derive much information from the words of a message and less information from nonverbal and environmental cues. Masculine Culture - correct answer ✔✔Culture in which people tend to value traditional roles for men and women, achievement, assertiveness, heroism, and material wealth Feminine Culture - correct answer ✔✔Culture in which people tend to value caring, sensitivity, and attention to quality of life Intercultural communication - correct answer ✔✔Communication between or among people who have different cultural traditions Culture shock - correct answer ✔✔Feelings of stress and anxiety a person experiences when encountering a culture different from his or her own Ethnocentrism - correct answer ✔✔Belief that your cultural traditions and assumptions are superior to those of others.