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Introduction -Digital Image Processing-Lecture 01 Slides Slides-Electrical and Computer Engineering, Slides of Digital Image Processing

University of Alabama (UA)Digital Image Processing

Introduction to Digital Image Processing, Bartlane Transmitted Image, Image Processing, Xrays, Image Deblurring, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Vivible Imaging, Infrared Imaging, Machine Perception, Digital Image Representation, Steps, Knowledge Base, Preprocessing, Analysis, Digital Image Processing, Lecture Slides, Dr D J Jackson, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama, United States of America.

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Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-1Electrical & Computer Engineering
Computer Vision &
Digital Image Processing
Introduction to Digital Image
Processing
Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-2Electrical & Computer Engineering
Background
•Interest comes from two primary backgrounds
–Improvement of pictorial information for human perception
•How can an image/video be made more aesthetically pleasing
•How can an image/video be enhanced to facilitate extraction of
useful information
–Processing of data for autonomous machine perception
•One of the earliest applications was improving
digitized newspaper pictures sent by transatlantic
cable (early 1920s)
–Bartlane cable picture transmission reduced the time to
send transatlantic images from more than a week to less
than 3 hours
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Partial preview of the text

Download Introduction -Digital Image Processing-Lecture 01 Slides Slides-Electrical and Computer Engineering and more Slides Digital Image Processing in PDF only on Docsity!

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-

Computer Vision &

Digital Image Processing

Introduction to Digital Image

Processing

Background

• Interest comes from two primary backgrounds

  • Improvement of pictorial information for human perception
    • How can an image/video be made more aesthetically pleasing
    • How can an image/video be enhanced to facilitate extraction of useful information
  • Processing of data for autonomous machine perception

• One of the earliest applications was improving

digitized newspaper pictures sent by transatlantic

cable (early 1920s)

  • Bartlane cable picture transmission reduced the time to send transatlantic images from more than a week to less than 3 hours

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-

Example Bartlane transmitted image

  • Specialized printing equipment coded pictures for transmission
  • Received and printed on a telegraph printer fitted with type faces to simulate a halftone pattern
  • Initial problems
    • Poor visual quality related to printing process and the distribution of brightness levels
  • Image produced in 1921 from a coded tape by a telegraph printer with special type faces

Improved Bartlane transmitted image

  • Replace the printing process
  • New technique used photographic reproduction made from a perforated tape at the telegraph receiving terminal
  • Improvements
    • tonal quality
    • resolution
  • Digital picture made in 1922 from a tape punched after the signals had crossed the Atlantic twice

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-

Example image processing applications

  • Medical field: X-ray (or other biomedical) image enhancement
  • Aerial and satellite image enhancement: agriculture, weather and military
  • Industrial applications: computer-based product inspection
  • Law enforcement: fingerprint processing, surveillance camera processing
  • Defense applications: recognizing an enemy tank in foliage, guiding a missile in flight
  • Science: enhancing an electron microscope image for readability

Example: a cell

  • Image of a cell corrupted by electronic noise
  • Result after averaging several noisy images (a common technique for noise reduction)

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-

Example: an x-ray

  • An original x-ray image
  • Result possible after contrast and edge enhancement

Example: image deblurring

  • Image of a human face blurred by uniform motion during exposure
  • Resulting image after application of a deblurring algorithm

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-

LANDSAT Images of Washington D.C. Area

Machine perception

• Previous examples illustrate processing results

intended for human interpretation

• A second class of image processing applications is

solving problems dealing with machine perception

• In this case, interest focuses on methods for

extracting information in a form suitable for

computer processing

  • Statistical moments
  • Fourier transform coefficients
  • Distance measures
  • Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-

Typical problems in machine perception

• Automatic character recognition

• Industrial machine vision for product assembly and

inspection

• Military recognizance

• Automatic processing of fingerprints

• Screening of x-rays and blood samples

• Machine processing of aerial and satellite imagery

for weather prediction and crop assessment

Digital image representation

• Monochrome image (or simply image) refers to a 2-

dimensional light intensity function f(x,y)

  • x and y denote spatial coordinates
  • the value of f(x,y) at (x,y) is proportional to the brightness (or gray level ) of the image at that point

y

x

Origin

f(x,y)

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-

Steps in image processing (continued)

• Step 2: preprocessing

  • Key function: improve the image in ways that increase the chance for success of the other processes
  • In the mail example, may deal with contrast enhancement, removing noise, and isolating regions whose texture indicates a likelihood of alphanumeric information

Steps in image processing (continued)

  • Step 3: segmentation
    • Broadly defined: breaking an image into its constituent parts
    • In general, one of the most difficult tasks in image processing
      • Good segmentation simplifies the rest of the problem
      • Poor segmentation make make the task impossible
    • Output is usually raw pixel data: may represent region boundaries, points in the region itself, etc. - Boundary representation can be useful when the focus is on external shape characteristics (e.g. corners, rounded edges, etc.) - Region representation is appropriate when the focus is on internal properties (e.g. texture or skeletal shape)
    • For the mail problem (character recognition) both representations can be necessary

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-

Steps in image processing (continued)

• Step 4: representation & description

  • Representation: transforming raw data into a form suitable for computer processing
  • Description (also called feature extraction) deals with extracting features that result in some quantitative information of interest or features which are basic for differentiating one class of objects from another
  • In terms of character recognition, descriptors such as lakes (holes) and bays help differentiate one part of the alphabet from another

Steps in image processing (continued)

• Step 5: recognition & interpretation

  • Recognition: The process which assigns a label to an object based on the information provided by its descriptors may be the alphanumeric character A
  • Interpretation: Assigning meaning to an ensemble of recognized objects 35487-0286 may be a ZIP code

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-

The knowledge base

• Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into

an image processing system in the form of a

knowledge database

  • May be simple:
    • detailing areas of an image expected to be of interest
  • May be complex
    • A list of all possible defects of a material in a vision inspection system
  • Guides operation of each processing module
  • Controls interaction between modules
  • Provides feedback through the system

Steps in an image processing system

• Not all image processing systems would require all

steps/processing modules

  • Image enhancement for human visual perception may not go beyond the preprocessing stage

• A knowledge database may not be required

• Processing systems which include recognition and

interpretation are associated with image analysis

systems in which the objective is autonomous (or at

least partially automatic)

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. D. J. Jackson Lecture 1-

Organization of the book and course

• Three broad topic areas:

  • Background
    • Introduction
    • Visual perception, resolution, imaging geometry
    • Image transforms
  • Preprocessing
    • Image enhancement techniques
    • Image restoration techniques
  • Analysis
    • Segmentation
    • Representation & description
    • Recognition & interpretation

Assignment for next class period

• Read Chapter 1

• Surf the internet and find one good site devoted to

image processing and email the site URL to

[email protected]

  • Provide a brief, one paragraph, summary of the site

• Make sure your Bama email account is functioning

properly

• Secure PC and/or workstation account from the

college of engineering

  • Should already be active