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A lab manual for the course 'ee-153 introduction to electrical engineering lab'. It covers various experiments and lab sessions related to fundamental electrical engineering concepts such as dc sources, metering, resistor color codes, ohm's law, kirchhoff's laws, thevenin's theorem, oscilloscope, capacitive reactance, diode characteristics, rectifier circuits, power supply design, and operational amplifier applications. The manual provides detailed objectives, background information, pre-lab requirements, procedures, and questions for each experiment. It also includes information about the lab equipment, grading rubrics, and the university's vision and knowledge domains. This comprehensive lab manual can be a valuable resource for university students studying electrical engineering to enhance their practical understanding and application of the theoretical concepts learned in the classroom.
Typology: Assignments
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The following regulation and Safety rules must be observed in Laboratory.
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List of Experiments
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Experiment 1
Introduction to Electrical Laboratory, DC Sources and Metering
1.1 Objective
The objective of this exercise is to become familiar with the operation and usage of basic DC electrical laboratory devices, namely DC power supplies and digital multimeters.
1.2 Equipment
Digital Multimeter model:_________________________ SRN:__________________ Analog / Digital Trainer Model; ___________________ SRN: ___________________ Adjustable DC Power Supply model:________________ SRN:__________________
1.3 Bread Board
The breadboard consists of two terminal strips and two bus strips (often broken in the center). The connections are spaced 0.1 inch apart which is the standard spacing for many semiconductor chips. These are clustered in groups of five common terminals to allow multiple connections. The exception is the common strip which may have dozens of connection points. These are called buses and are designed for power and ground connections. Interconnections are normally made using small diameter solid hookup wire, usually AWG 22 or 24. Larger gauges may damage the board while smaller gauges do not always make good connections and are easy to break.
Figure 1.1: Bread Board
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1.3 Digital Multimeter
Multi Meter is an instrument used to measure current, voltage, resistance etc. Below table indicate the rotary switch positions
Figure 1.3: Digital Multi Meter
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DC/AC Voltage Measurement o Insert red test lead into the V terminal and black test lead into the COM terminal o Set the rotary switch to V; DC measurement is default or press BLUE button to switch between DC and AC measurement mode. o Connect the test lead across with the object being measured. The measured value shows on the display. DC/AC Current Measurement o When the testing leads are connected to the current terminals, do not parallel them across any circuit. o Insert the red test lead into the mA or A input terminal and the black test lead into the COM terminal. o Set the rotary switch to A, mA, or A. o The Meter defaults to DC current measurement mode. To toggle between DC and AC current measurement function, press BLUE button. o Connect the test lead in serial to the return circuit to be tested. The measured value shows on the display. Measuring Resistance o Insert the red test lead into the terminal and the black test lead into the COM terminal. o Set the rotary switch to resistance measurement (Ω) is default or press BLUE button to select measurement mode. o Connect the test leads across with the object being measured. If there is lead on the resistor. The measured value shows on the display. Testing for Continuity o Insert the red test lead into the Ω terminal and the black test lead into the COM terminal. o Set the rotary switch to and press BLUE button to select measurement mode. o The buzzer sounds continuously if the resistor to be tested is <10 Ω. o The buzzer does not sound if the resistor to be tested is >35 Ω. Testing Diodes o Insert the red test lead into the Ω terminal and black test lead into the COM terminal
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Procedure
Set the adjustable power supply to 2.2 volts. Use both the Coarse and Fine controls to get as close to 2.2 volts as possible. Record the displayed voltage in the first column of Table below. Using the DMM set to the DC voltage function, set the range to 20 volts full scale. Measure the voltage at the ouput jacks of the power supply. Be sure to connect the DMM and power supply red lead to red lead, and black lead to black lead. Record the voltage registered by the DMM in the middle column of. Reset the DMM to the 200 volt scale, re-measure the voltage, and record in the final column
Draw diagram of the Bread board here
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Experiment 2
To Study the Resistor Color Code
2.1 Objective The objective of this exercise is to become familiar with the calculating resistance through color code and measurement of resistance values using a digital multimeter (DMM). 2.2 Theory Overview The resistor is perhaps the most fundamental of all electrical devices. Its fundamental attribute is the restriction of electrical current flow: The greater the resistance, the greater the restriction of current. Resistance is measured in Ohms. The measurement of resistance in unpowered circuits may be performed with a digital multimeter. Like all components, resistors cannot be manufactured to perfection. That is, there will always be some variance of the true value of the component when compared to its nameplate or nominal value. For precision resistors, typically 1% tolerance or better, the nominal value is usually printed directly on the component. Normally, general purpose components, i.e. those worse than 1%, usually use a color code to indicate their value. The resistor color code typically uses 4 color bands. The first two bands indicate the precision values (i.e. the mantissa) while the third band indicates the power of ten applied (i.e. the number of zeroes to add). The fourth band indicates the tolerance. It is possible to find resistors with five or six bands but they will not be examined in this exercise. Examples are shown below:It is important to note that the physical size of the resistor indicates its power dissipation rating, not its ohmic value. Each color in the code represents a numeral. 0 Black 1 Brown 2 Red 3 Orange 4 Yellow
5 Green 6 Blue 7 Violet 8 Gray 9 White
For the fourth, or tolerance, band: 5% Gold 10% Silver 20% None
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2.4 Procedure
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Table 2. Colors Nominal Tolerance Minimum Maximum red-red-black-silver blue-gray-black-gold brown-green-brown-gold orange-orange-brown-silver green-blue-brown – gold brown-red-red–silver red-violet-red–silver gray-red-red–gold brown-black-orange–gold orange-orange-orange–silver blue-gray-yellow–none green-black-green-silver
Table 2. Resistor Value Minimum Maximum Measured Deviation
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Experiment 3
Verification of Ohm’s Law
3.1 Objective This exercise examines Ohm’s law, one of the fundamental laws governing electrical circuits. It states that voltage is equal to the product of current times resistance.
3.2 Theory Overview Ohm’s law Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.
3.3 Equipment DMM Digital Trainer Resistors 03 Nos: 470 Ω resistor, 1 kΩ resistor. 3.3 kΩ resistor
3.4 Procedure
Measured Values (Using DMM)
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Figure 3.
Table 3.1 (470 Ω) E (volts) I theoretical (mA) I measured (mA) Deviation (mA) 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
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3.5 Questions
3.6 Conclusion
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Experiment 4
Verification of KVL and Series Resistive Circuit
4.1 Objective The focus of this exercise is an examination of basic series DC circuits with resistors. A key element is Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law which states that the sum of voltage rises around a loop must equal the sum of the voltage drops. The voltage divider rule will also be investigated.
4.2 Theory Overview A series circuit is defined by a single loop in which all components are arranged in daisy-chain fashion. The current is the same at all points in the loop and may be found by dividing the total voltage source by the total resistance. The voltage drops across any resistor may then be found by multiplying that current by the resistor value. Consequently, the voltage drops in a series circuit are directly proportional to the resistance.
4.3 Equipment
4.4 Procedure
R 1 (Color Code)=__________________ R 1 (DMM):___________________ R 2 (Color Code)=__________________ R 2 (DMM):____________________ R 3 (Color Code)=__________________ R 3 (DMM):____________________
