Introduction to Electronics - Electronics I - Lecture Slides, Slides of Electronics

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Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronics

Introduction

Microelectronics

Integrated Circuits (IC) Technology

Silicon Chip

Microcomputer / Microprocessor

Discrete Circuits

Signals

Signal processing

http://www.eas.asu.edu/~midle/jdsp/jdsp.html

Signals

Voltage Sources

Current Sources

http://www.clarkson.edu/~svoboda/eta/ClickDevice/super.html

http://javalab.uoregon.edu/dcaley/circuit/Circuit_plugin.html

Signals

Voltage Sources

Current Sources

D e f i n i n g t h e S i g n a l o r F u n c t i o n t o b e A n a l y z e d :

f t( ) sin 

 t^ ^ ( )t .2 cos 7^ 

     t

f t( )

t

Frequency Spectrum of Signals

Fourier Series

http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html

Frequency Spectrum of Signals

Fourier Series

F o u r i e r S e r i e s ( T r i g o n o me t r i c f o r m) o f f ( t ) :

a

T

T

f t( ) t

  d a

 0 a v e r a g e^ v a l^ u e

a

n

T

T

f t( ) cos n  t

   t

  d c o s i^ n e^ c o e f f i^ c i^ e n t s

n v a r y i n g f r o m 1 t o N

a n

n

Frequency Spectrum of Signals

Fourier Series

R e a r r a n g i n g t o t a l e x p r e s s i o n t o i n c l u d e a 0 i n t h e c o mp l e t e s p e

a

n

a

n

 b

n

b

n

c

n

a

n

b

n

   c

a

c n

n

Frequency Spectrum of Signals

Fourier Series

R e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t i me - d o ma i n f u n c t i o n f r o m t r i g. F o u r i e r s e r i e

f2 t( )

n

a

n

cos n1 

   t b

n

sin n1 

    t

a

f2 t( )

f t( )

t

F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f f ( t ) g i v e s :

 N

 N .

  N

F ^

f t( ) e t

 i t

 d

F ( )

T h e ma g n i t u d e o f) y iF ( e l d s t h e c o n t i n u o u s f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m,

o b v i o u s l y o f t h e f o r m o f t h e s a mp l i n g f u n c t i o n. T h e . v a l u e

A p l o t o f | F () | a s a f u n c t i o n d o e so f n o t i n d i c a t e t h e ma g n i t u d e

v o l t a g e p r e s e n t a t a n y g i v e n f r e q u e n c y. Wh a t i s i t , t h e n?

F ^ ^ s h o w s t h a t , i f f ( t ) i s a v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m,F ^ ^ i s d i t h e nme n s i o n a l l y

" v o l t s p e r u n i t f r e q u e n c y , " a c o n c e p t t h a t ma y b e s t r a n g e

Frequency Spectrum of Signals

http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html

Frequency Spectrum of Signals

http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/listen/music1.html

http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/phasorlecture2/indexphasorlect2.htm

Amplifiers

Signal Amplification

Distortion

Non-Linear Distortion

Symbols

Gains – Voltage, Power, Current

Decibels

Amplifier Power Supplies

Efficiency

Voltage_Gain A

v

v

o

v

i

Power_Gain A

p

load_power P

L

input_power P

I

v

o

i

o

v

I

i

I

Current_Gain A

i

i o i I A p

A

v

A

i

Voltage_gain_in_decibels 20 log A v

 dB

Coltage_gain_in_decibels 20 log A i

 dB

Power_gain_in_decibels 10 log A p

 dB

Amplifiers

Example 1.

P

L

 40.5 mW

P

I

V

irms

I

irms

  P

I

 0.05 mW

A

p

P

L

P

I

 A

p

W

W

A

p

 10 log ^810  A p

 29.085 dB

P

dc

 10 9.5 10 9.5 P

dc

 190 mW

P

dissipated

P

dc

P

I

 P

L

P

dissipated

 149.55 mW

P

L

P

dc

A

v

 A

v

 9 I

i

A

v

 20 log ^9  A v

 19.085 dB

I

o

I

o

 3

  A A i

I

o

I

i

 A

i

A

A

A

i

20 log A i

  A

i

 39.085 dB V orms

 I

orms

P

L

V

orms

I

orms

  V

irms

 I

irms

An amplifier transfer characteristic that shows considerable nonlinearity. (b) To obtain linear operation the amplifier is biased as

shown, and the signal amplitude is kept small.

Amplifiers

Non-Linear Transfer Characteristics and Biasing

Amplifiers

Example 1.

v I

v o

v I

e

40 v I

v o

v I

v I