Molecular Electronics: The Future of Electronics with Individual Molecule Devices, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Materials science

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Molecular Electronics

Molecular Electronics

By By

Charles Brooks

Charles Brooks

Mark Hanna Mark Hanna

Chen Kung Chen Kung

Jia Ni

Enma 465 Enma 465

May 14, 2003 May 14, 2003

Jia Ni

Molecular Electronics

Molecular Electronics

Source: Reed. www.scientificamerican.com

Definition Definition

is a field emerging around the premise that is a field emerging around the premise that

it is possible to build individual molecules that can it is possible to build individual molecules that can

perform functions identical to those of the key perform functions identical to those of the key

components of today components of today

s microcircuits. s microcircuits.

Can Molecular Electronics

Can Molecular Electronics

Be Better?

Be Better?

¾ ¾

Modern technologies can only go so far.

Modern technologies can only go so far.

¾ ¾

Solution (new development)

Solution (new development)

z z

DNA

DNA

It is promising to achieve super It is promising to achieve super

high high

density memory and high sensitive detection density memory and high sensitive detection

technology. technology.

z z

Cell Computing Cell Computing

¾ ¾

Silicon transistors at 120 nm in length will still

Silicon transistors at 120 nm in length will still

be 60,000 times larger in area than molecular

be 60,000 times larger in area than molecular

electronic devices.

electronic devices.

Recent Research

Recent Research

¾ ¾

Recent studies have shown that individual molecules Recent studies have shown that individual molecules

can conduct and switch electric current and store can conduct and switch electric current and store

information. information.

¾ ¾

July of 1999 July of 1999

HP and the University of California at HP and the University of California at

Los Angeles build an electronic switch consisting of a Los Angeles build an electronic switch consisting of a

layer of several million molecules of an organic layer of several million molecules of an organic

substance called rotaxane. substance called rotaxane.

z z

Linking a number of switches Linking a number of switches

a version of an AND gate is a version of an AND gate is

produced. produced.

Self Assembly

Self Assembly

¾ ¾

Molecular self Molecular self-

-assembly:

assembly:

the autonomous organization of components into the autonomous organization of components into

patterns or structures without human intervention patterns or structures without human intervention

(Whitesides

Whitesides 2002)

¾ ¾

Current Problem: Forming electrical interconnects Current Problem: Forming electrical interconnects

between molecules between molecules

Source: Reed. www.scientificamerican.com

Forming 3 Forming 3

- -

D Electrical Networks by D Electrical Networks by

Self Assembly

Self Assembly

¾ ¾

Basic unit is a polyhedron on whose faces

Basic unit is a polyhedron on whose faces

electrical circuits are printed

electrical circuits are printed

¾ ¾

LEDs wired to patterns of solder dots on

LEDs wired to patterns of solder dots on

adjacent faces of the polyhedron

adjacent faces of the polyhedron

¾ ¾

Suspend in an

Suspend in an

isodense

isodense

liquid as they come

liquid as they come

into contact with one another

into contact with one another

¾ ¾

Drops of molten solder fuse, assembling into

Drops of molten solder fuse, assembling into

regular structures

regular structures

Source: Gracias 2000

Gracias 2000

Present and Future Applications Present and Future Applications

¾ ¾

Robotics and Manufacturing

Robotics and Manufacturing

z z

components become smaller and conventional components become smaller and conventional

robotic methods will fail. robotic methods will fail.

z z

Self Self

assembly offers a new approach to the assembly offers a new approach to the

assembly of parts with nanometer dimensions. assembly of parts with nanometer dimensions.

¾ ¾

Microelectronics

Microelectronics

z z

Self Self

assembly offers a possible route to three assembly offers a possible route to three

dimensional microsystems dimensional microsystems

DNA

DNA

Well known from biology

Well known from biology

Forms predictable structure

Forms predictable structure

Controllable self assembly

Controllable self assembly

through base pair sequences

through base pair sequences

May be selectively processed

May be selectively processed

using restriction enzymes

using restriction enzymes

Source: http://www.chemicalgraphics.com/

DNA SET Transistor

DNA SET Transistor

Gate strand

Main strand

Main strand

DNA Single electron transistor

Equivalent Electrical Circuit

Source:

E. Ben-Jacob ,

Phys. Lett. A 263, 199 (1999).

Functionalization

Functionalization

of

of

Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles

DNA may be attached tosurface area ofnanoparticles to constructdesired assemblies. May provide insight topossible solution toconnecting transistors

8 nm gold particles

attached to a 31 nm gold

particle with DNA

Source: http://www.chem.nwu.edu/~mkngrp/dnasubgr.html

QMC

QMC

s

s

¾ ¾

Most of the input and output operations are

Most of the input and output operations are

driven by an external force

driven by an external force

z z

Input and programming provided, QMC provides Input and programming provided, QMC provides

output output

z z

All molecular computers are of this type, with the All molecular computers are of this type, with the

exception of the cell exception of the cell

¾ ¾

Goal for QMC

Goal for QMC

s: to develop QMC

s: to develop QMC

s that are

s that are

more efficient, and less dependent on outside

more efficient, and less dependent on outside

interaction

interaction

TMC

TMC

s

s

¾ ¾

All computational operations (input, output,

All computational operations (input, output,

state transitions) are driven by self organizing

state transitions) are driven by self organizing

chemical reactions

chemical reactions

Ji

Ji

z z

All processes are internally driven, no outside help All processes are internally driven, no outside help

is needed is needed

z z

Only known example is a cell Only known example is a cell

¾ ¾

Goal for TMC

Goal for TMC

s: to fabricate an artificial TMC

s: to fabricate an artificial TMC

with the properties of a living cell

with the properties of a living cell

Cells Cells

vs. vs.

Human Made Computers Human Made Computers

Software Software

DNA DNA

Computational programs Computational programs

stored in: stored in:

Capacitors Capacitors

Biopolymers, IDSBiopolymers, IDS

’ ’

s s

Information stored in: Information stored in:

Transistors Transistors

Enzymes Enzymes

Reactions or processes Reactions or processes

turned on or off by: turned on or off by:

Wires Wires

Chemicals Chemicals

Current carried by: Current carried by:

Human Human

Made Made

Computers Computers

Cells Cells

Cells Cells

vs. vs.

Human Made Computers Human Made Computers

2 2

No No

not yet not yet

Yes Yes

Self Self

Reproducibility Reproducibility

Yes Yes

No No

not yet not yet

Programmability Programmability

Human Human

Made Made

Computers Computers

Cells Cells

Ideas from: Ji, Sungchul. “The Cell as the Smallest DNA BasedMolecular Computer.”

BioSystems

. (1999): 52. 123-133.