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Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering.docx, Exams of Nursing

University of CambridgeNursing

Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering.docx

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 03/19/2026

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Introduction to Geotechnical
Engineering
Weathering - correct answer Physical processes
•Unloading
- e.g. uplift, erosion, or change in fluid pressure.
•Thermal expansion and contraction
•Alternate wetting and drying
•Crystal growth, including frost action
•Organic activity
-e.g. the growth of plant roots
Chemical Process
•Hydrolysis
- is the reaction with water
-will not continue in the static water.
-involves solubility of silica and alumina
•Chelation
-Involves the complexing and removal of metal ions .
•Cation exchange - is important to the formation of clay minerals
•Oxidation and reduction.
•Carbonation
-is the combination of carbonate ions such as the reaction with CO2
Weathering Products - correct answer Residual soils
• The top layer of rock is decomposed into residual soils due to the warm climate
and abundant rainfall.
• Engineering properties of residual soils are different from those of transported
soils
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Introduction to Geotechnical

Engineering

Weathering - correct answer Physical processes •Unloading

  • e.g. uplift, erosion, or change in fluid pressure. •Thermal expansion and contraction •Alternate wetting and drying •Crystal growth, including frost action •Organic activity -e.g. the growth of plant roots Chemical Process •Hydrolysis
  • is the reaction with water -will not continue in the static water. -involves solubility of silica and alumina •Chelation -Involves the complexing and removal of metal ions. •Cation exchange - is important to the formation of clay minerals •Oxidation and reduction. •Carbonation -is the combination of carbonate ions such as the reaction with CO Weathering Products - correct answer Residual soils
  • The top layer of rock is decomposed into residual soils due to the warm climate and abundant rainfall.
  • Engineering properties of residual soils are different from those of transported soils

Transported soils

  • The particle sizes of transported soils are selected by the transportation agents such as streams, wind, etc.
  • The transported soils can be categorize based on the mode of transportation and deposition (six types). Transported Soils - correct answer - Glacial Soils
  • Alluvial Soils
  • Lacustrine Soils
  • Mainre Soils
  • Aeolian Soils
  • Colluvial Soil Glacial Soils - correct answer Formed by transportation and deposition of glaciers Alluvial Soils - correct answer Transported by running water and deposited along streams Lacustrine Soils - correct answer Formed by deposition in quiet lakes Marine Soils - correct answer Formed by deposition in the Seas Aeolian Soils - correct answer Transported and deposited by the wind Colluvial Soils - correct answer Formed by movement of soil from its original place by gravity, Such as during landslide Gibbsite sheet - correct answer - Al(3+)
  • Al2(OH)6, 2/3 cationic spaces are filled
  • The interlayer bonding is by van der Waals forces and by cations which balance charge deficiencies (weak bonding).
  • There is interlayer swelling, which is very important to engineering applications (expansive clay). •Width: 1 or 2 μm, Thickness: 10 Å~1/100 width Illite - correct answer 2:1 Mineral (micalike minerals)
  • Si8(Al,Mg, Fe)4~6O20(OH)4·(K,H2O)2. Flaky shape.
  • The basic structure is very similar to the mica, so it is sometimes referred to as hydrous mica. Illite is the chief constituent in many shales.
  • Some of the Si4+ in the tetrahedral sheet are replaced by the Al3+, and some of the Al3+ in the octahedral sheet are substituted by the Mg2+ or Fe3+. Those are the origins of charge deficiencies.
  • The charge deficiency is balanced by the potassium ion between layers. Note that the potassium atom can exactly fit into the hexagonal hole in the tetrahedral sheet and can form a strong interlayer bonding.
  • The basal spacing is fixed at 10 Å in the presence of polar liquids. 7.5 μm •Width: 0.1~ several μm, Thickness: ~ 30 Å Vermiculite - correct answer 2:1 Minerals (micalike minerals)
  • The octahedral sheet is brucite.
  • The basal spacing is from 10 Å to 14 Å. •It contains exchangeable cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ and two layers of water within interlayers. •It can be an excellent insulation material after dehydration Chlorite - correct answer 2:1:1 Minerals
  • The Basal spacing is fixed at 14 Å.
  • Gibbsite or Brucite interlayers Methods for Identification of Clay Minerals - correct answer - X-ray Diffraction Technique
  • Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
  • Electron Microscopy
  • Specific Surface Area (Ss)
  • Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
  • Plasticity Chart X-ray Diffraction Technique (XRD) - correct answer - XRD is the primary, non-destructive tool for identifying and quantifying the mineralogy of crystalline compounds in rocks, soils and particulates.
  • Modern computer controlled diffraction systems can interpret the diffraction traces produced by individual constituents and highly complex mixtures.
  • The distance of atomic planes d can be determined based on the Bragg's equation.