introduction to power system, Lecture notes of Computer-Aided Power System Analysis

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ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM

EEP

INTRODUCTION TO

ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM

What Is a Power System?

• (^) A system dedicated to the business of electric power:
  • (^) Generation (Production)
  • Transmission (Transportation)
  • (^) Distribution (Retailing)
• (^) A system that provides a vital service to the society and should be operated with the goal of achieving: - (^) Highest reliability standards - (^) Minimum environmental impacts - (^) Lowest operation cost

Electric Power Systems

• (^) Generation – 11 to 25 kV
• (^) Transmission – 66 to 500 kV

Subtransmission – 33 kV to 132 kV

• (^) Distribution

Primary feeders – 11 kV

Secondary feeders – 230 V/415 V

Power

Generation

Power Generation

• (^) Takes place in geographically dispersed power plants
• (^) Power plants normally house multiple generating units
• (^) Generating units can operate based on different:
  • (^) Energy Sources
  • (^) Energy Conversion processes Energy Conversion 1 Energy Source Energy Conversion n A Generation Unit Electric Power

Comparisons of Energy Sources

Particular Water Fuels Nuclear Initial cost High Low Highest Running cost Less High Least Reserves Permane nt Exhaustible Inexhaustibl e Cleanliness Cleanest Dirtiest Clean Simplicity Simplest Complex Most complex Reliability Most Less More reliable

Generating Stations

• (^) Steam power stations
• (^) Hydro-electric power stations
• (^) Diesel power stations
• (^) Nuclear power stations
• (^) Co-Generation
• (^) Renewable
• (^) Combine Heat and Power

Power Transmission

• (^) Transmission networks are needed to :
  • (^) Connect generating plants to consumption points
  • (^) Create large power pools for increased reliability
• (^) High voltage AC transmission offers:
  • (^) Higher transmission capacity / Km
  • (^) Lower line-voltage drop / Km
  • (^) Lower transmission losses / MW transfer
  • (^) Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer
  • (^) Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer

TRANSMISSION

• (^) Transmission network of TNB comprise of 132

kV, 275 kV and 500 kV system known as the

National Grid.

• (^) The system spans the whole of Peninsular

Malaysia, connecting power stations owned

by TNB and IPPs to the customers.

Power Transmission Equipments

• (^) Transformers
  • (^) Step-up transformers
  • (^) Voltage Regulators
  • (^) Phase Shifters
  • (^) Step-down Transformers
• (^) Transmission Lines & Cables
• (^) Circuit Breakers & Disconnects
• (^) Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors
• (^) Static VAR Compensators
• (^) FACTS Devices
• (^) Etc.

Power System Distributions

• (^) Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels at bulk power delivery points
• (^) Supplies energy to customers:
  • (^) At standard voltage levels
  • (^) Single phase and/or three-phase
• (^) Is made up of the following main equipment:
  • (^) Distribution transformers (DXF)
  • (^) Feeder sections (including underground cables)
  • (^) Switches, fuses, reclosures
  • (^) Automatic load transfers
  • (^) Etc.

Bulk Power Point 33/ DXF 11/0. DXF 400/ DXF HV / MV Network 33KV 11 KV^ 400 V^ 230V Industrial Customers Residential Customers Commercial & Municipal Customers Large Industrial Customers Power System Distributions