Project Management Study Guide: Scope, Schedule, and Cost Management, Exams of Social Sciences

This comprehensive study guide covers key project management concepts, including scope management (defining, validating, and controlling scope), schedule management (activities, dependencies, critical paths), and cost management (estimation, budgeting, and control). it provides definitions, explanations, and examples of essential project management processes and techniques, making it an excellent resource for students and professionals alike. The guide also includes questions and answers to reinforce learning and aid in exam preparation.

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2024/2025

Available from 04/30/2025

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ISMN-5370 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
Scope - Answers :
Decomposition - Answers :A method used for dividing and subdividing the project scope
and project deliverables into smaller, more manageable parts.
Work package - Answers :The work defined at the lowest level of the work breakdown
structure for which cost and duration are estimated and managed.
Break-even analysis - Answers :Break-even analysis entails calculating and examining
the margin of safety for an entity based on the revenues collected and associated costs
-shows how many sales it takes to pay for the cost of doing business
Scope Validation - Answers :Process of ensuring that the product, service, or result of
the project matches the documented scope
-Concerned with Completeness
-Concerned with Acceptance of product by project manager, sponsor, customer, and
others
-If project is cancelled before completion, Validate Scope should be performed to
document where the product was in relation to the scope at the point when the project
ended
Outputs:
• Acceptance of Deliverables
• Work Performance Information
Prototyping - Answers :A working model used to obtain early feedback on the expected
product before actually building it.
Project Scope Management Processes - Answers :1) Plan Scope Management
- Scope Management Plan, Requirements Management Plan
2) Collect Requirements
- Requirements Documentation, Requirements Traceability Matrix
3) Define Scope
- Project Scope Statement
4) Create WBS (Work breakdown structure)
- Scope Baseline
5) Validate Scope
- Accept Deliverables
6) Control Scope
- (Scope) Change Requests, Work Performance Information
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ISMN-5370 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE

Scope - Answers : Decomposition - Answers :A method used for dividing and subdividing the project scope and project deliverables into smaller, more manageable parts. Work package - Answers :The work defined at the lowest level of the work breakdown structure for which cost and duration are estimated and managed. Break-even analysis - Answers :Break-even analysis entails calculating and examining the margin of safety for an entity based on the revenues collected and associated costs

  • shows how many sales it takes to pay for the cost of doing business Scope Validation - Answers :Process of ensuring that the product, service, or result of the project matches the documented scope
  • Concerned with Completeness
  • Concerned with Acceptance of product by project manager, sponsor, customer, and others
  • If project is cancelled before completion, Validate Scope should be performed to document where the product was in relation to the scope at the point when the project ended Outputs:
  • Acceptance of Deliverables
  • Work Performance Information Prototyping - Answers :A working model used to obtain early feedback on the expected product before actually building it. Project Scope Management Processes - Answers :1) Plan Scope Management
  • Scope Management Plan, Requirements Management Plan
  1. Collect Requirements
  • Requirements Documentation, Requirements Traceability Matrix
  1. Define Scope
  • Project Scope Statement
  1. Create WBS (Work breakdown structure)
  • Scope Baseline
  1. Validate Scope
  • Accept Deliverables
  1. Control Scope
  • (Scope) Change Requests, Work Performance Information

Collecting Requirements - Answers :involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products for the project as well as the processes used for creating them. Benchmarking - Answers :Benchmarking is a comparison of actual or planned products, processes, and practices to those of comparable organization, which identifies best practices, generates ideas for improvement and provides a basis for measuring performance. RTM (Requirements traceability matrix) - Answers :A grid that links products requirements from their origin to the deliverables that satisfy them. Defining Scope - Answers :involves reviewing the scope management plan, project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a project scope statement (Description of the project scope, major deliverables, and exclusions), adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved. Creating the Work Breakdown Structure - Answers :involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components. What is a scope baseline, what are its components, and why is it important? - Answers :The approved version of a scope statement, work breakdown structure (WBS), and its associated WBS dictionary that can be changed using formal change control procedures and is used as the basis for comparison to actual results Schedule - Answers : Activity - Answers :an element of work normally found on the work breakdown structure that has an expected duration, a cost, and resource requirements SMART - Answers :• Specific

  • Measurable (Meaningful)
  • Assignable (Achievable)
  • Realistic (Relevant)
  • Time-framed (Timely) Milestones - Answers :A significant point or event in a project, program, or portfolio. Sequency Activities (Dependencies, Network Diagrams) - Answers :involves evaluating the reasons for dependencies and the different types of dependencies Mandatory dependencies: inherent in the nature of the work being performed on a project, sometimes referred to as hard logic
  • Cannot be broken
  • Aka hard logic

What is Cost? Four Processes of Project Cost Mgmt - Answers :1. Planning Cost Management

  • Determining policies, procedures, and documentation that will be used for planning, executing, and controlling project cost
  1. Estimating Costs
  • Developing an approximation or estimate of the costs of the resources needed to complete a project
  1. Determining Budget
  • Allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to establish a baseline
  1. Controlling Costs
  • Changes to the project budget Basic Principles of Cost Management - Answers :• Profit
  • Life cycle costing
  • Cash Flow Analysis
  • Tangible and Intangible Costs and Benefits
  • Direct Costs
  • Sunk Costs
  • Learning Curve Theory
  • Reserves Types of Cost Estimate (ROM, Budgetary, and Definitive) - Answers :1. Rough order of magnitude (ROM) estimate
  • Aka... ballpark estimate, a guesstimate, a swag or a broad gauge
  • Done early in a project or before a project is started
  • Time Frame: 3+ years prior to project completion• Typically 50% below the ROM estimate or 100% above the ROM estimate
  • IT professionals automatically double estimates for software development because of the history of cost overruns
  1. Budgetary Estimate
  • Made 1-2 years prior to project completion
  • Typically - 10 % to +25% accuracy; Eg: $100,000 project budgetary estimate could range from $90k - $125k
  1. Definitive Estimate
  • An accurate estimate
  • Made 1yr or less prior to project completion
    • 5% to +10% Estimating (Analogous, Bottom-up, Three-point, and Parametric) - Answers :Analogous or top-down estimates
  • Use the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project

Bottom-up estimates

  • Involve estimating individual work items or activities and summing them to get a project total Three-point estimates Involve estimating the most likely, optimistic, and pessimistic costs for items Parametric estimating Uses project characteristics (parameters) in a mathematical model to estimate project costs Typical Problems with IT Cost Estimates (4) - Answers :Reasons for inaccuracies
  • Estimates are done too quickly
  • People lack estimating experience
  • Human beings are biased toward underestimation
  • Management desires accuracy Controlling Costs - EVM - Answers :Earned Value Management (EVM) Project performance measurement technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data
  • Given a baseline (original plan plus approved changes), you can determine how well the project is meeting scope, time, and cost goals Know how to calculate budget and apply all formulas - Answers : Should a project manager rely on only one technique for estimating resources? Why or why not? - Answers :No Project Work Performance Domain - Answers :The performance domain that addresses activities and functions associated with establishing project processes, managing physical resources, and fostering a learning environment Delivery Performance Domain - Answers :The performance domain that addresses activities and functions associated with delivering the scope and quality that the project was undertaken to achieve Measurement Performance Domain - Answers :The performance that addresses activities and function associated with assessing project performance and taking appropriate actions to maintain acceptable performance Tailoring - Answers :The deliberate adaptation of approach, governance, and processes to make them more suitable for the given environment and the work at hand. Models, Methods, & Artifacts - Answers : Situational Leadership Models - Answers :Describe ways to tailor one's leadership style to meet the needs of individual and the project team.

Strategy Artifacts - Answers :Documents created prior to or at the start of the project that address strategic, business, or high-level information about the project Baselines - Answers :The approved version of a work product, used as a basis for comparison to actual results