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KEISER UNIVERSITY NUR4825 COMPREHENSIVE
SCRIPT 2026 FULL STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE
RESPONSES
◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ Osmosis and diffusion = passive processes. Answer: Osmosis = water moves across a cell membrane; Water molecules move from the less concentrated area to the more concentrated area in an attempt to equalize the concentration of solutions on two sides of a membrane ▪ Less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉. Answer: Filtration = fluid and solute move together across the membrane ▪ Higher pressure to lower pressure ▪ Filtration pressure is the difference between hydrostatic pressure & osmotic pressure
▪ Hydrostatic pressure = pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system e.g. pressure against by blood against blood vessels walls ▪ Osmotic Pressure = power to solution to pull water across the permeable membrane ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ Active transport = is sodium potassium pump = there is active movement of sodium from inside the cell to outside the cell. Answer: Active transport (ATP) = particles move against the concentration gradient from an area of lesser concentration to an area of higher concentration = and therefore require an input of energy from the cell (ATP). EX: Energy (ATP) is used to move sodium molecules and potassium molecules across a semipermeable membrane against sodium's and potassium's concentration gradients (i.e., from areas of lesser concentration to areas of greater concentration). ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ Regulation of Fluid homeostasis:. Answer:
act as a potent Diuretics. And waste NA. ANF also inhibit thirst & reducing fluid intake. ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉. Answer: Endocrine system: ▪ Aldosterone & ADH ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉. Answer: Lungs: ▪ Insensible loss ▪ Respiratory loss ▪ Illnesses ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉. Answer: Skin: ▪ Insensible loss ▪ Assessing skin turgor ◉ ↓. Answer:
◉ Regulating Electrolytes:. Answer: ◉. Answer: Fluid intake: ▪ Average adult drink 1500 ml/day for normal functioning ▪ Total need 2500ml/day ▪ Thirst - primary regulator of fluid intake Thirst regulator in hypothalamus of brain = is triggered by osmotic pressure of body fluids, vascular volumes, & angiotensin (hormone released in response to decreased blood flow to kidneys causing sensation of thirst & desire to drink H2O Fluid output: ▪ Urine ▪ Feces ▪ Insensible loss (skin and lungs) ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ Factors Affecting Body Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance:. Answer: ▪ Age
Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis = bicarbonate and hydrogen ion levels are regulated by the kidneys = problems lead to metabolic acidosis or alkalosis ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ Regulating Electrolytes:. Answer: Na = found in many food like bacon, Ham, processed cheese, table salt, canned foods (135-145) K = (3.5-5) must be ingest daily bcz body cant produce it. Fruits rich in K r next slide CA = (8.5-10.5mg/dl) regulated by interaction of parathyroid & Calcitonin from thyroid & Calcitrol (metabolite of Vit D). When CA Fall in ECF, parathyroid & calcitrol stimulate Ca to release from bones in to ECF, & increase absorption by intestines. To increase serum CA. With increase age intestine absorb ca less & more excreted by kidneys, Ca shift from bones to balance serum ca & causes osteoporosis. Richest source of Ca, Milk & Milk products, dark green leafy veg, salmon.
MG = (1.25-2.5 meq/l) Found in ICF & skeleton. Foods: cereals, grains, nuts, dried foods, green leafy, meat & fish r also the rich source. Cl = (95-108meq/l) Major component of gastric juice as HCL. Found same food as NA PO4 = (2.5- 4.5 mg/dl) Found in ECF, bones, skeletal muscles, nerve tissue. Children have higher amount than adult bcz it needed more for growth hormones. Found in foods like, meat fish, poultary products, legumes, milk HCO3 = present in both ICF &ECF. Regulate acid-base balance. Adequate amount produced by metabolic process. ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ Acid-base imbalances Respiratory Metabolic. Answer: ▪ Carbonic Acid regulated by lungs = retention or excretion of CO2 - Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis ▪ Bicarbonate = Hydrogen ions regulated by kidneys - Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis
◉ RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS = CO2↑ pH↓ > 7.35 Causes: ▪ Acute lung condition, that impair gas exchange ▪ Inadequate ventilation ▪ Pulmonary edema ▪ Aspiration ▪ Atelectasis ▪ Pneumonia ▪ Sedative overdose ▪ Airway obstruction. Answer: any condition causing CO2 retention, either due to hypoventilation or impaired lung function, causes carbonic acid levels to increase and pH to fall below 7.35 CO2↑ pH↓ > 7.35 ↑respirations, ↑ pulse, ↑ B/P
Headache Dizziness Mental confusion Convulsions Chronic: ▪Weakness ▪Headache Management: ↑ ventilation ▪ Bronchodilators ▪ Hydration, oxygen ▪ Mechanical ventilation ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS = CO2↓ pH↑ < 7. Causes:
◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ METABOLIC ACIDOSIS = Causes = ▪ Ketoacidosis (diabetic) ▪ Diarrhea ▪ Uremia ▪ Excessive ingestion of salicylates. Answer: when bicarbonate levels are low in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body, pH falls Metabolic Acidosis = ▪ ↓ pH ↓ HC03 Headache Confusion / drowsiness ↑ respiration
↑ depth Kussmaul's respiration (deep, rapid respirations) Weakness N/V Management: ▪ Correct cause ▪ Give HC ▪ Maintain I &O ▪ Monitor LOC ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ METABOLIC ALKALOSIS = ↑ pH ↑ HC03 Causes: ▪ Vomiting ▪ Gastric suction ↓ (loss) K+ ▪ Cushing Syndrome
HC03 = 22 - 26
Pa02 = 80- 100 O2 = Sat 97% or > ◉. Answer: Normal pH of Blood is 7.35 - 7. <7.35 acidosis > 7.45 alkalosis ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉. Answer: Lungs = Major regulator of C02 in ECF Kidneys = Major regulator of HC03 in ECF Compensation= Body minimizing pH levels Tries to maintain a balance Respiratory problem = Kidneys compensate Metabolic problem = Pulmonary compensation
◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ Arterial Blood Gas Summary:. Answer: Step #1 - Evaluate the pH, ↓ 7.35 - acidosis
- ↑ 7.45 - alkalosis * Step #2 - Find the cause of imbalance *PC02 = Respiratory * HC03 = Metabolic Step #3 - Check for compensation ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ Blood Transfusion. Answer: Introduction of whole blood or blood components into Venous circulation Blood Groups & RH Factors: A B AB O
▪ Consent form ▪ Baseline VS ▪ Patent IV ▪ Equipment ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ Initiating , During & Post transfusion. Answer: ▪ Prime the tubing with NS solution ▪ Check VS before, 15 minutes, then after completion ▪ Stay with patient for first 15 minutes ▪ Maintenance of rate ▪ Observe for signs of reaction ▪ Patient monitoring & documentation ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉. Answer: edema = is fluid accumulation underneath the skin and in body tissues and/or in body cavities due to many different pathophysiologies.
third spacing= is a shift of fluid into the interstitial spaces--where there is little fluid normally perfusing. this patient differs from the pt with generalized edema because the "third" spacing is just that... all the fluid has shifted from the other compartments and although they look all puffy and full of fluid, they are actually hypovolemic. ◉ ↓. Answer: ◉ Fluid Imbalances. Answer: ◉ FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT. Answer: Fluid volume deficit = Isotonic loss of water and electrolytes Hypovolemia = Fluid loss from intravascular compartment Cx = loss via skin, GI, kidneys, decreased fluid intake, bleeding Third Space Syndrome: ▪ Fluid shift from vascular to Extracellular fluid ▪ Fluid remain in body but unavailable to use ▪ Fluid trapped in injured tissues (e.g. severe burn), peritoneal, pleural cavities) ▪ 2 phase loss & reabsorption
