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Model - Answers-one way of breaking down the layers of a computing system and thinking about how computers function The model presented gives us.. - Answers-the layers of abstraction Abstraction - Answers-a mental model that removes complex details 7 parts of model/ layers of a computer system - Answers-Task, Algorithm, Program, Instruction Set Architecture, Micro architecture, Logic Gates, Devices Task - Answers-write a program that... Algorithm - Answers-Breaks the problem down Program - Answers-Each step of algorithm might translate to many lines of code Instruction Set Architecture. - Answers-processor independent program translated to a processor dependent program (is the system's...). Microarchitecture - Answers-The ISA is implemented by connecting small hardware components together to make a micro architecture Logic gates - Answers-Every component of the micro architecture can be implemented using logic gates
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Devices - Answers-A network of transistors makes up a logic gate. These transistors have a charge which is manipulated by electrons and can be interpreted as either 1's or 0's. Computers and computer-based devices - Answers-process and store all forms of data in binary format Human commuication - Answers-includes language, images, and sounds Data Formats - Answers-Specifications for converting data into computer-usable form. Define the different ways human data may be represented, stored, and processed by a computer Internal Computer Data Format - Answers-All data stored as binary numbers. Interpreted based on: Operations computer can perform, Data types supported by programming languae used to create application 5 Simple Data Types - Answers-Boolean, Char, Enumerated, Integer, Real Boolean - Answers- 2 - valued variables or constants with values of true or false Char - Answers-Variable or constant that holds alphanumeric character Enumerated - Answers-User-defined data types with possible values listed in definition Integer - Answers-positive or negative whole numbers Real - Answers-numbers with decimal point Sources of Data - Answers-Binary input, Analog Binary input - Answers-begins as discrete input, keyboard generates a binary number code for each key Analog - Answers-continuous data such as sound or images, Requires hardware to convert data into binary numbers Character codes - Answers-calculations done by a computer aren't useful until their results can be displayed in manner that is meaningful to people. thus, human understandable characters must be converted to computer-understandable bit patterns. Using some sort of character enocoding scheme Example of types of data and it's standard data representation - Answers-Aphanumeric: Unicode, Image: GIf, Sound: WAV, Video: MP$
printing characters - Answers-produced on the screen or printer control characters - Answers-control position of output on screen or printer, cause action to occur, communicate status e tween computer and I/o device Character Codes - Answers-Many of today's systems embrace Unicode, a 16-bit system that can encode the characters of every language in the world. The Unicode codespace is divided into 6 parts. The first part is for Western alphabet codes, including English , Greek, and Russian UNICODE - Answers-most common 16-bit. Multilingual: defines codes for nearly every character based alphabet. The lowest-numbered unicode characters use the Ascii code. than Bitmap images. Easy to scale, move, rotate without loosing image identity like in Bitmap. What can't object images do? - Answers-Cannot represent photos or paintings, cannot be displayed or printed directly (must be converted to bitmap since output devices except plotters are bitmap) Contrast Bitmap vs Object - Answers-Bitmap: pixel based, paint software, do not scale up or becomes pixelated, use formats like jpg, examples of software include photoshop Object: shapes based on mathematical calculations, vector programs for technical drawings, can be scaled to any size without losing quality, formats like pdf, software like illustrator Define Compression - Answers-re-coding data so that it requires fewer bytes of storage space Compression Ratio - Answers-the amount file size is reduced Lossless - Answers-inverse algorithm restores data to exact original form Lossy - Answers-trades off data degradation for file size and download speed. Mich higher compression ratios, common in multimedia how do we distinguish textual and numerical from other visual data? - Answers-visual data is information we want computers to process or display Visual data 2 types - Answers-Bitmap or raster images of photos and paintings with continuous variation, object or vector images made of graphical objects like lines and curves Differences between bitmap and object - Answers-quality, storage space, time to transmit, ease of modification
Bitmap - Answers-used for realistic images with continuous variations in shading..color. preferred when image contains large amount of detail processing requirements. Input devices: scanners, digital cameras and video, pens. Managed by photo editing software or paitn software Bitmap Image - Answers-each individual pixel is stored as binary number. Pixel: small area with an associated coordinate location Bitmap Display - Answers-Monochrome (black or white), gray scale, color graphics GIF - Answers-enabled animated images, image compressed by LZW algorithm PNG - Answers-Loessless compressed alternative to GIF, more efficient compression algorithm than GIF JPEG - Answers-suitable for highly detailed photographs and paintings. Employs LOSSY compression: that discards data to decrease file size and transmission speed. May reduce image resolution, tends to distort sharp lines Types of Bitmap - Answers-Gif, png, jpeg Object (vector) images - Answers-movies like shrek and toy story use object images, created by using software or output from spreadsheet data graphs Object images - Answers-based on mathematical formulas. Require less storage space
