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LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT FINAL
(STRAIGHTERLINE) UPDATED EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
Development - correct answer- pattern of change beginning at conception and continuing throughout the life span Ex: growth and decline Life-span perspective - correct answer- involves growth, maintenance, and regulation. average life expectancy - correct answer- 79 years culture - correct answer- interactions, behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group passed on from generation to generation cross-cultural studies - correct answer- comparing aspects of cultures to gain information about their developmental similarities
ethnicity - correct answer- Based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language socioeconomic status - correct answer- grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics gender - correct answer- characteristics of people as males, females, or transgender, and sociocultural challenges social policy - correct answer- a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens biological processes - correct answer- changes in an individual's physical nature cognitive processes - correct answer- changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language socioemotional processes - correct answer- changes in an individual's relationships, emotions, and personality
late adulthood - correct answer- 60s to 70s to death first age - correct answer- childhood and adolescence second age - correct answer- Prime adulthood, ages 20 through 59 third age - correct answer- Approximately 60 to 79 years of age fourth age - correct answer- Approximately 80 years and older normal aging - correct answer- describes most individuals with psychological functioning peaking early middle age pathological age - correct answer- describes individuals with above average decline in early old age, developing a condition leading to mild cognitive impairment
successful aging - correct answer- describes individuals maintaining positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development longer in life. nature vs nurture - correct answer- organisms biological inheritance vs environmental experiences Freudian development: oral stage - correct answer- birth to 1. years; infant's pleasure centers on the mouth freudian development: anal stage - correct answer- 1.5 to 3 years; child's pleasure focuses on the anus freudian development: phallic stage - correct answer- 3 to 6 years; child's pleasure focuses on the genitals freudian development: latency stage - correct answer- 6 years to puberty; child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
formal operational stage - correct answer- 11 years to adulthood:
- the adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways vygotsky's theory - correct answer- emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide and are inseparable from cognitive development skinner's operant conditioning - correct answer- development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes brought about by rewards and punishments bandura's social cognitive theory - correct answer- Emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development evolutionary developmental psychology - correct answer- growth in interest in using the concepts of evolutionary psychology to understand human development
down syndrome - correct answer- a form of intellectual disability caused by an abnormality in the 21st chromosome Klinefelter syndrome - correct answer- A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY. fragile x syndrome - correct answer- sex-linked disorder causing an abnormality in the X chromosome Turner Syndrome - correct answer- A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. XYY syndrome - correct answer- A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome. embryonic period - correct answer- occurs 2 to 8 weeks after conception
proximodistal pattern - correct answer- the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities frontal lobes - correct answer- voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality, or purpose occipital lobes - correct answer- function in vision temporal lobes - correct answer- active role in hearing, language processing, and memory parietal lobes - correct answer- register spatial location, attention, and motor control palmer grasp - correct answer- grasping with the whole hand pincer grip - correct answer- grasping small objects with thumb and forefinger
schemes - correct answer- actions or mental representations that organize knowledge assimilation - correct answer- using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences accommodation - correct answer- adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences operant conditoning - correct answer- behavior followed by rewarding stimulus is likely to recur information retention - correct answer- baby recalls relationship between behavior and stimulus habituation - correct answer- decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus dishabituation - correct answer- increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation
phase of attachment: 1 - correct answer- from birth to 2 months, infants direct their attachment to human figures phase of attachment: 2 - correct answer- from 2 to 7 months, attachment becomes focused on one figure phase of attachment: 3 - correct answer- from 7 to 27 months, specific attachments develop. with increased locomotion, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers phase of attachment: 4 - correct answer- from 24 months on, children become aware of others' feelings and goals and account for them in their own actions immanent justice - correct answer- concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately authoritarian parenting - correct answer- parents exhort child to follow directions and respect their work and effort.
authoritative parenting - correct answer- encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions neglectful parenting - correct answer- parent is uninvolved in the child's life indulgent parenting - correct answer- parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them sensorimotor play - correct answer- Deriving pleasure from existing sensorimotor schemas practice play - correct answer- involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports pretense/symbolic play - correct answer- Transforming the physical environment into a symbol
kohlbergs level 1: preconventional reasoning stage 2: individuals, instrumental purpose, and exchange - correct answer- individuals pursue their own interests but let others do the same. what is right involves equal exchange kohlbergs level 2: conventional reasoning stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity - correct answer- trust, caring, and loyalty to others valued as a basis for moral judgments kohlbergs level 2: conventional reasoning stage 4: social system morality - correct answer- moral judgments based on understanding, social order, law, justice, duty kohlbergs level 3: postconventional reasoning stage 5: social contract or utility and individual rights stage 6: universal ethical principles - correct answer- morality is intentional
constructivist approach - correct answer- learner-centered approach emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their own knowledge and understanding with guidance from a teacher direct instruction approach - correct answer- a structured, teacher-centered approach characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students' progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum puberty in boys - correct answer- between 10 to 13.5 years puberty in girls - correct answer- between ages of 9 and 15 years prefrontal cortex - correct answer- judgment region reins in intense emotions but doesn't finish developing until at least emerging adulthood
new model of parent-adolescent relationships - correct answer- Attachment and autonomy; parents are important support systems and attachment figures; adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds have some important connections Moderate parent-adolescent conflict is common and can serve a positive developmental function; conflict greater in early adolescence Dating and Romantic Relationships in Adolescence - correct answer- - entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age
- exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age
- consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age intimacy vs isolation - correct answer- intimacy is finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, failure results in social isolation Intimacy vs. Independence - correct answer- balance between intimacy and commitment, and independence and freedom consummate love - correct answer- strongest form of love
infatuation - correct answer- passion, no intimacy or commitment affectionate love - correct answer- combination of intimacy and commitment, no passion fatuous love - correct answer- passion and commitment without intimacy
