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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing
Unit number and title Unit 20: Advanced Programming
Submission date 01/06/2023 Date Received 1st submission
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Class GCD1101 Assessor name PHAM THANH SON
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What is object-oriented programming?
- Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming methodology that enables programmers to represent real-world objects
through code abstraction. This approach has gained significant traction and has emerged as a standard software development
paradigm, particularly in the realm of business applications. When developing applications using OOP, programmers define
classes to model real-life objects. These classes serve as blueprints, encapsulating the behavior and characteristics of the
objects they represent. Within the application, these classes are instantiated into objects, which are instances of the respective
class
- Throughout the application's execution, the methods defined within the class are invoked on these objects, allowing them to
perform specific actions and manipulate their internal state. Additionally, objects possess properties that define their attributes
and characteristics. In OOP, objects interact with each other through a public API, which encompasses the set of methods and
public properties that are accessible to other objects. This facilitates communication and collaboration between different
objects and classes within the system.
2. 4 Basic concept of OOP:
2.1. Encapsulation :
- Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in OOP that brings several advantages. It promotes code modularity and reusability by
encapsulating related data (attributes or properties) and methods (functions or behavior) within a class. Encapsulation hides the
internal implementation details of an object and provides a well-defined interface through which other objects can interact with
it. This ensures that the internal state of an object remains consistent and can only be accessed or modified through the defined
methods, ensuring data integrity. Encapsulation also protects the object's data from unauthorized access and manipulation,
enhancing security. Additionally, encapsulation makes code maintenance easier, as changes made to the internal
implementation of a class do not affect other parts of the program that rely on its interface.
2.2. Inheritance :
- Inheritance is a powerful mechanism in OOP that enables code reuse, extensibility, and code organization. It allows classes to
inherit properties and behaviors from other classes, forming a hierarchical relationship. The base or parent class serves as a
blueprint, defining common attributes and methods, which are inherited by derived or child classes. Inheritance promotes code
reuse by eliminating the need to rewrite common functionalities in multiple classes. It enhances code extensibility, as derived
classes can add or override behaviors specific to their context. Inheritance enables the concept of specialization, where classes
at higher levels of the hierarchy provide more generalized behavior, while classes at lower levels provide more specific and
specialized behavior. It also helps in code organization by representing relationships and hierarchies among objects, making
the codebase more structured and easier to manage.
- Example: For instance, in the animal world, an insect could be represented by an Insect superclass. All insects share similar
properties, such as having six legs and an exoskeleton. Subclasses might be defined for grasshoppers and ants. Because they
inherit or are derived from the Insect class, they automatically share all insect properties. [ CITATION Kyl21 \l 1066 ]
2.4. Abstraction :
- Abstraction is a key principle in OOP that simplifies complex systems by capturing essential features while hiding unnecessary
details. It allows developers to work at a higher level of abstraction, focusing on the core concepts without being concerned
with specific implementations. Abstraction is achieved through abstract classes and interfaces. Abstract classes cannot be
instantiated but serve as a blueprint for derived classes. They define common characteristics and behaviors that derived classes
must implement. Interfaces, on the other hand, define a contract that concrete classes must adhere to, specifying the methods
they must implement. Abstraction promotes code modularity and reusability by providing a clear separation between the
interface and the implementation. It enhances code maintainability, as changes to the internal implementation of an abstract
class or interface do not affect other classes that rely on it as long as the contract is upheld. Abstraction also enhances code
readability and comprehensibility by providing clear and concise interfaces for interacting with objects.
3. Various Class Relationship:
In object-oriented programming, classes are connected to each other through various types of logical relationships depicted in class
diagrams. These relationships define the associations and dependencies between classes. Below are some common types of logical
connections found in UML
- Association: Association represents a relationship between two classes, indicating that objects of one class are connected to
objects of another class. It can be a one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many relationship.
- Directed Association: Directed association specifies the directionality of the relationship between classes, indicating that the
relationship is navigable from one class to another.
- Reflexive Association: Reflexive association occurs when a class is associated with itself, representing a relationship within
the same class.
- Multiplicity: Multiplicity defines the cardinality of the association, specifying the number of instances of one class that can be
associated with the instances of another class.
- Aggregation: Aggregation represents a whole-part relationship between classes, where one class is considered the whole and
another class is considered a part. The part class can exist independently of the whole class.
- Composition: Composition is a stronger form of aggregation, indicating a whole-part relationship where the part class cannot
exist independently of the whole class. If the whole class is destroyed, the part class is also destroyed.
- Realization: Realization represents the implementation of an interface or the fulfillment of a contract specified by another
class. It shows that one class implements the behavior defined by another class or interface.
- Inheritance/Generalization: Inheritance or generalization represents an "is-a" relationship between classes, where one class
inherits the attributes and behaviors of another class. It allows the creation of hierarchical class structures, promoting code
reuse and specialization.
- The software has only 2 users, teachers and administrators. Teachers can only add students, edit teachers and enter student scores, teachers do not have the right to delete students. The member admin can add, remove or edit teachers, add students, and edit or delete students. Admin can also add new subjects and delete new subjects
- This system has 5 class:
Person: This class acts as the foundation and superclass of the system. It encapsulates common attributes and behaviors shared by both students and teachers. It demonstrates the concept of inheritance in Object Oriented Programming, allowing derived classes to inherit and extend its functionality. Student: The Student class is designed to store and manage student information. It includes attributes like student ID, name, age, and contact details. In addition, it may have methods for accessing and modifying student-specific data Teacher: The Teacher class is responsible for handling information related to the teacher. It encapsulates attributes such as Teacher ID, Name, Age and Earnable Salary. It may also contain teacher-specific data management methods and perform related operations. Subject: The Subject class is used to store and manage information about various topics provided in the system. It can include attributes such as the subject code, name, and description. This class can provide methods to access topic details and perform topic related operations. Student Grade: The Student Grade class is dedicated to storing and managing student grades. It can include attributes such as student IDs, course codes, and grades. In addition, it can provide methods for averaging, retrieving specific points, and performing point- related operations.
- Concept are displayed in diagram: The Person class serves as the parent class of both the Student class and the Teacher class. That is Inheritance in Object-Oriented Programming. The Student class is used to store student information, while the Teacher class is used to store teacher information. Both the Student class and the Teacher class override the showInfo() method of the Person class. That is Polymorphism in Object- Oriented Programming. The Subject class is used to store subject information. The Student Grade class is used to store students' grades.
References:
- Herrity, K., 2021. What Is Object-Oriented Programming? The Four Basic Concepts of OOP. [Online] Available at: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/what-is-object-oriented- programming#:~:text=The%20four%20basics%20of%20object,abstraction%2C%20inheritance%2C%20and%20polymorphism.
- Raut, A., 2022. Encapsulation in Object Oriented Programming. [Online] Available at: https://akshayraut.medium.com/encapsulation-in- object-oriented-programming-4cfb0ee28f
- Kukurba, V., 2018. JavaScript ES7 OOP. Abstraction. Class. #1. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eSCCQPBqP
- Sidhu, R., 2020. How to Code Inheritance in Java — Beginner’s Tutorial in OOP. [Online] Available at: https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-code-inheritance-in-java-beginners-tutorial-in-oop-d0fc0a71be
Index of comments 2.1 1. What is good You have shown some knowledge about OOP characteristics and various relationships.
- What is not good
- You need to give more examples and code snippets about the characteristics of the object-orientated paradigm and the various class relationships. You have to drawn UML diagram in your report Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
