Harvard Referencing Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to Citing Sources, Schemes and Mind Maps of Mathematics

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University Library

Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing

September 2010

http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk

Guide to the

Harvard Style of Referencing

Second Edition

Revised September 2010

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8. NOTES FROM COMPILERS AND CHANGES INTRODUCED TO SECOND

• 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 Explanation of citation and referencing .....................................................
  • 1.2 Plagiarism .................................................................................................
  • 1.3 Referencing systems.................................................................................
• 1. CITING REFERENCES INTEXT USING THE HARVARD SYSTEM......................
  • 2.1 Author’s name cited in the text..................................................................
  • 2.2 Author’s name not cited directly in the text................................................
  • 2.3 More than one author cited in the text.......................................................
  • 2.4 More than one author not cited directly in the text ....................................
  • 2.5 Two, three or four authors for the same work ...........................................
  • 2.6 More than four authors for a work .............................................................
  • 2.7 Several works by one author in different years .........................................
  • 2.8 Several works by one author in the same year .........................................
  • 2.9 Chapter authors in edited works ...............................................................
  • 2.10 Corporate authors ..................................................................................
  • 2.11 No author ...............................................................................................
  • 2.12 No date ................................................................................................
  • 2.13 Page numbers......................................................................................
  • 2.14 Quoting portions of published text........................................................
  • 2.15 Secondary sources (second-hand references) ....................................
  • 2.16 Tables and diagrams............................................................................
  • 2.17 Websites ..............................................................................................
• 1. COMPILING THE REFERENCE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................
  • 3.1 General guidelines, layout and punctuation ............................................
  • 3.2 Books ......................................................................................................
  • 3.2.1 Books with one author .........................................................................
  • 3.2.2 Books with two, three or four authors...................................................
  • 3.2.3 Books with more than four authors ......................................................
  • 3.2.4 Books which are edited ........................................................................
  • 3.2.5 Chapters of edited books .....................................................................
  • 3.2.6 Multiple works by the same author.......................................................
  • 3.2.7 Books which have been translated ......................................................
  • 3.2.8 E-books................................................................................................
  • 3.3 Journal articles and newspapers.............................................................
  • 3.3.1 Journal articles.....................................................................................
  • 3.3.2 Journal articles available from a database ...........................................
  • 3.3.3 Magazine or journal articles available on the internet ..........................
  • 3.3.4 Journal abstract from a database..........................................................
  • 3.3.5 Newspaper articles ...............................................................................
  • 3.3.6 Online newspaper articles.....................................................................
• 1. OTHER TYPES OF DOCUMENT
  • 4.1 Acts of Parliament ...................................................................................
  • 4.2 Statutory Instruments..............................................................................
  • 4.3 Official publications such as Command Papers ......................................
  • 4.4 Law reports .............................................................................................
  • 4.5 Annual report ..........................................................................................
  • 4.6 Archive material ......................................................................................
  • 4.7 British Standard and International Standards..........................................
  • 4.7 Patent .....................................................................................................
  • 4.9 Conference report ...................................................................................
  • 4.10 Conference paper ................................................................................
  • 4.11 Dissertation ..........................................................................................
  • 4.12 DVD, video or film ................................................................................
  • 4.13 Broadcasts ...........................................................................................
  • 4.14 EU documents .....................................................................................
  • 4.15 Course material....................................................................................
  • 4.16 Map ......................................................................................................
  • 4.17 Quotations from written plays...............................................................
  • 4.18 Pictures, images and photographs.......................................................
  • 4.19 Interviews.............................................................................................
  • 4.20 Press release .......................................................................................
• 1. ELECTRONIC SOURCES
  • 5.1 Websites .................................................................................................
  • 5.2 Publications available from websites.......................................................
  • 5.3 Electronic images....................................................................................
  • 5.4 Email correspondence/discussion lists....................................................
  • 5.5 Blogs .......................................................................................................
  • 5.6 Mailing list ...............................................................................................
  • 5.7 Podcast or archived tv programme .........................................................
  • 5.8 YouTube video........................................................................................
• 1. UNPUBLISHED WORKS......................................................................................
  • 6.1 Unpublished works..................................................................................
  • 6.2 Informal or in-house publications ............................................................
  • 6.3 Personal communication.........................................................................
• 1. REFERENCES WITH MISSING DETAILS
• EDITION..........................................................................................................................

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Explanation of citation and referencing

During the course of writing an essay, report or other assignment it is usual to support arguments by reference to other published work. These references may be from work presented in journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses, material over the internet etc.

Citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your own piece of work. Such works are cited to show evidence both of the background reading that has been done and to support the content and conclusions.

Each citation requires a reference at the end of the work; this gives the full details of the source item and should enable it to be traced. Referring accurately to such source materials is part of sound academic practice and a skill that should be mastered. Other reasons for accurate citation and referencing are:

♦ To give credit to the concepts and ideas of other authors

♦ To provide the reader (often the marker/examiner of the assignment) with evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading

♦ To enable those who read your work to locate the cited references easily

Remember to note the details of all the documents you read

The following pages give detailed guidance for various types of documents as there are major differences between books, journal articles and websites. These are based on consultation with colleagues at Anglia Ruskin University, with examples, in red, for illustrative purposes.

1.2 Plagiarism

Plagiarism is passing off the work of others as your own. This constitutes academic theft and is a serious matter which is penalised in assignment marking. The following extract is from the Anglia Ruskin University Academic Regulations (2010) For full details see:

Anglia Ruskin University. 2010. Anglia Ruskin University Academic Regulations. [online] 3rd edition. 2010 Available at: < http://web.anglia.ac.uk/anet/academic/academic_regulations.phtml>

2. CITING REFERENCES INTEXT using the Harvard System

Any intext reference should include the authorship and the year of the work. Depending on the nature of the sentence/paragraph that is being written, references to sources may be cited in the text in the following manner:

2.1 Author’s name cited in the text

When making reference to an author’s work in your text, their name is followed by the year of publication of their work:

In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supported in the work of Cormack (1994).

Where you are mentioning a particular part of the work, and making direct reference to this, a page reference should be included:

Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'.

2.2 Author’s name not cited directly in the text

If you make reference to a work or piece of research without mentioning the author in the text then both the author’s name and publication year are placed at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence in brackets:

Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack, 1994).

2.3 More than one author cited in the text

Where reference is made to more than one author in a sentence, and they are referred to directly, they are both cited:

Jones (1946) and Smith (1948) have both shown …

2.4 More than one author not cited directly in the text

List these at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence, putting the author’s name, followed by the date of publication and separated by a semi-colon and within brackets.

Where several publications from a number of authors are referred to, then the references should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first):

Further research in the late forties (Jones, 1946; Smith, 1948) led to major developments …

(Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008)

2.5 Two, three or four authors for the same work

When there are two authors for a work they should both be noted in the text:

White and Brown (2004) in their recent research paper found …

with regard to PREP and the role of libraries, Crane and Urquhart (1994) suggest …

or indirectly, using an and :

During the mid nineties research undertaken in Luton (Slater and Jones,

1. showed that …

or

Earlier research (White and Brown, 1966) demonstrated that the presence of certain chemicals would lead to …

2.6 More than four authors for a work

Where there are several authors (more than four), only the first author should be used, followed by ‘ et al. ’ meaning and others :

Green, et al. (1995) found that the majority …

or indirectly:

Recent research (Green, et al., 1995) has found that the majority of …

2.10 Corporate authors

If the work is by a recognised organisation and has no personal author then it is usually cited under the body that commissioned the work. This applies to publications by associations, companies, government departments etc. such as Department of the Environment or Royal College of Nursing.

It is acceptable to use standard abbreviations for these bodies, e.g. RCN, in your text, providing that the full name is given at the first citing with the abbreviation in brackets:

1 st^ citation:

… research in 2006 undertaken by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) has shown that …

2 nd^ citation:

More recently the RCN (2007) has issued guidelines …

Note that the full name is the preferred format in the reference list. Some reports are written by specially convened groups or committees and can be cited by the name of the committee:

Committee on Nursing (1972)

Select Committee on Stem Cell Research (2002)

Note there are some exceptions to this such as

BBC Philharmonic Orchestra BBC News

where the abbreviations or initials form part of the official name.

2.11 No author

If the author cannot be identified use ‘ Anonymous ’ or ‘ Anon. ’ and the title of the work and date of publication. The title should be written in italics. Every effort should be made to establish the authorship if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission:

Marketing strategy (Anon., 1999)

2.12 No date

The abbreviation n.d. is used to denote this:

Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated …

or indirectly:

Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated that …

Every effort should be made to establish the year of publication if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.

See also Section 7 References with missing details

2.13 Page numbers

Including the page numbers of a reference will help readers trace your sources. This is particularly important for quotations and for paraphrasing specific paragraphs in the texts:

Lawrence (1966, p.124) states “we should expect …”

or indirectly:

This is to be expected (Lawrence, 1966, p.124) …

Please note page numbers: preceded with p. for a single page.and pp. for a range of pages

2.14 Quoting portions of published text

If you want to include text from a published work in your essay then the sentence(s) must be included within quotation marks, and may be introduced by such phrases as:

the author states that “……..” or

the author writes that “……..”

2.16 Tables and diagrams

When reproducing selected data, or copying an entire table or diagram, a reference must be made to the source. A reference within the text to a table taken from e.g. a book, should include the author and page (Smith, 2005, p.33) to enable the reader to identify the data. If the source of the data is not the author’s own, but obtained from another source, it becomes a secondary reference and needs to be cited as such:

(United Nations, 1975 cited in Smith, 2005, p.33)

If the table is reproduced in its entirety, place the citation as a footnote. Be particularly careful to note the original source of data, as well as the authorship of the document you are using. Full details should be included in the reference list.

In the following example, a table is reproduced from page 267, of a book written by Robert Amazon which is the 4th edition and published by FT Prentice Hall of Harlow, England in 2005. The title of the book is Management in the media: decision makers.

♦ If you wish to reproduce the table in your own work – replicate the table

and add a Footnote – at the bottom of the page in your own work acknowledging the source of the reproduced table.

*National Statistics Office 1985 cited in Amazon, 2005, p.

♦ If you wish to quote from a table in the above book in your essay:

… historical figures demonstrate that only sixty percent of households had televisions in Britain by the 1970s (National Statistics Office 1985 cited in Amazon, 2005, p. 267).

♦ Ensure you include the book in the reference list or bibliography at the end of your work:

Amazon, R., 2005. Management in the media: decision makers. 4th ed. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall.

Television ownership in England (Percentage of households)

Date 1970 1980 Percentage 60 70

Source : National Statistics Office, 1985 *

2.17 Websites

When citing material found on a website, you should identify the authorship of the website. This may be a corporate author, an organisation or a company; a guide to this can be found by looking at the URL or web address. To find the date of publication, reference to this might be found at the bottom of a web page relating to copyright, or from a date headline.

In this example the authorship would be BBC and the date 2009.

Recent research on meningitis (BBC, 2009) has shown …

This is the published or amended date

This is NOT the article date but today’s date – check the bottom of the page

Organisations have been found to differ (Baron, 2008) when there is …

Leading social scientists such as Redman (2006) have noted …

Please note where there is likely to be confusion with UK place names; for USA towns include the State in abbreviated form e.g. Birmingham, AL.

3.2.2 Books with two, three or four authors

For books with two, three or four authors of equal status the names should all be included in the order they appear in the document. Use an and to link the last two multiple authors.

The required elements for a reference are:

Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher.

Reference

Barker, R. Kirk, J. and Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd^ ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

An intext reference for the above examples would read:

A new theory (Barker and Munday, 1988) has challenged traditional thinking …

3.2.3 Books with more than four authors

For books where there are more than four authors, use the first author only with surname and initials followed by et al.

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials. and et al, Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher.

Reference

Grace, B. et al., 1988. A history of the world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

3.2.4 Books which are edited

For books which are edited give the editor(s) surname(s) and initials, followed by ed. or eds.

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials. ed., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher.

Keene, E. ed., 1988. Natural language. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.

Silverman, D.F. and Propp, K.K. eds., 1990. The active interview. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Allouche, J. ed., 2006. Corporate social resposibility, Volume 1: concepts, accountability and reporting. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

3.2.5 Chapters of edited books

For chapters of edited books the required elements for a reference are:

Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials. Year of chapter. Title of chapter followed by In: Book editor(s) initials and surnames with ed. or eds. after the last name. Year of book. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers followed by full-stop.

References

Smith, J., 1975. A source of information. In: W. Jones, ed. 2000. One hundred and one ways to find information about health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch.2.

Samson, C., 1970. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. Stone, ed. 1980. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS, pp.44-68.

An intext reference for the above example would read:

(Smith, 1975)

(Samson, 1970)

Canetti, E., 2001. The voices of Marrakesh: a record of a visit. Translated from German by J.A.Underwood. San Francisco: Arion.

For major works of historic significance, the date of the original work may be included along with the date of the translation:

Kant, I., 1785. Fundamental principles of the metaphysic of morals. Translated by T.K. Abbott., 1988. New York: Prometheus Books.

3.2.8 E-books

For e-books accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Year, Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by “Available through:” include e-book source/database, web address or URL [Accessed date].

Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library

[Accessed 5 June 2005].

Carlsen, J. and Charters, S., eds. 2007. Global wine tourism. [e-book] Wallingford: CABI Pub. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library website [Accessed 9 June 2008].

For an e-book freely available over the internet:

The required elements for a reference are:

Authorship, Year, Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by “Available at:” include web address or URL for the e-book [Accessed date].

For a pdf version of a Government publication or similar which is freely available:

The required elements for a reference are: Authorship, Year, Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by “Available at:” include web address or URL for the actual pdf, where available [Accessed date].

Department of Health, 2008. Health inequalities: progress and next steps. [pdf] London: Department of Health. Available at:

[Accessed 9 June 2008].

Bank of England, 2008. Inflation Report [pdf] Available at:

[Accessed 20 April 2009].

An intext reference for the above example would read:

Recent evidence (Bank of England, 2008, pp.32-33) show the trends ...

3.3 Journal articles and newspapers

3.3.1 Journal articles

For journal articles the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue / Part number), Page numbers.

Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: a brief look. Political Science Quarterly, 42 (6), p.564.

Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times, 25 May, 97(22), pp.63-64.

Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing today, Spring Issue, pp.647-85.

3.3.2 Journal articles available from a database

For journal articles from an electronic source accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available through:name of database [Accessed date].

In this example, the article is found on the Blackwell Science Synergy database:

Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political Science Quarterly , [e-journal] 42 (6), Available through: Blackwell Science Synergy database [Accessed 12 June 2005].