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A comprehensive guide on how to cite various types of sources using the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. It covers citations for books, journal articles, conference proceedings, technical reports, personal communications, lecture notes, electronic media, and more.
Typology: Lecture notes
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Subject Librarian: Medical & Health Sciences (Nursing and Allied Health) Email: [email protected] Phone: 09-373-7599 ext. 86158
Philson Library Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland August 2007
This guide is only an introduction to The American Psychological Association (APA) style of referencing. For more comprehensive information please refer to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (5th ed.). (2001). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Copies are held in the following Libraries (for more details check Voyager): Philson Library Reference Collection ................................ Call Number: WZ345 A512p 2001 General Library ..................................................................Call Number: 808.06615 A51 2001 North Shore Campus Library ..............................................Call Number: 808.06615 A51 2001 Short Loan – Kate Edgar Information Commons................Call Number: 808.06615 A51 2001 Tamaki Library Reference...................................................Call Number: 808.06615 A51 2001
Introduction
It is important to acknowledge all sources of information and ideas that you have used in your essay, research paper, dissertation or thesis in a way that identifies the original source. This is known as referencing. Referencing enables you to avoid plagiarism, allows the reader to consult the original source of your information, and acknowledges the author from which the information was taken.
There are many styles of referencing. This guide shows you one way – The American Psychological Association (APA). APA is a common reference style used in psychology and nursing. This style is an author-date method of referencing.
Basic Rules for layout of your document
The first chapter of the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (APA manual) covers the general format for manuscripts/documents. For University of Auckland theses and dissertations you should consult the Guide to Theses and Dissertations http://www.auckland.ac.nz/Docs/sa/postgraduate/download/thesisguide.pdf for details on general layout.
Otherwise the basic sections, if applicable, of your document are as follows (in the following order and starting on a separate page):
NB: Please check with your department as they may have other requirements or guidelines.
When a citation has six or more authors, cite only the first author followed by et al. and the year of publication, for the first and subsequent citations.
For example: Benzein et al. (2001) conducted narrative interviews…. OR Narrative interviews were conducted over two weeks (Benzein et al., 2001).
When a work has no author, cite in the text the first few words of the title and the year. For an article or chapter title use double quotation marks around the title. For a book, periodical/journal, brochure, or report, italicize the title.
For example:
NB: When a work’s author is designated as “Anonymous” cit in the text the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date. In the reference list, an anonymous work is alphabetized by the word Anonymous.
Group authors (e.g. corporations, associations and government agencies) are normally spelled out every time they appear as an in-text citation. However the names of some group authors are spelled out the first time they are cited and abbreviated thereafter. The general rule in deciding to abbreviate is that you should provide enough information in the in-text citation for the reader to easily locate the entry in the reference list.
For example: The Accident Compensation Corporation [ACC] (2003) would not cover injuries …. OR There was no compensation for these kinds of injures (Accident Compensation Corporation [ACC], 2003).
Subsequently ACC (2003) does not consider injuries of this nature…..
Give the secondary source in the reference list; in-text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example if Bendz, Sjodin, & Aurell’s work is cited in Olson, Meek, & Lynch and you did not read the work cited, list the Olson, Meek, & Lynch reference in the Reference list.
For example: In-text citation Bendz, Sjodin, and Aurell’s study (1990, as cited in Olson, Meek, & Lynch, 2004) showed… OR …showed in the study (Bendz, Sjodin, & Aurell, 1990, as cited in Olson, Meek, & Lynch, 2004).
In the Reference List
For example: The author stated, “The effect disappeared within minutes” (Lopez, 1993, p. 311), but she did not say which effect. OR Lopez (1993) found that “the effect disappeared within minutes” (p. 311).
NB: Quotations that are 40 words or longer should be placed in a free standing block of type written lines and omit quotation marks. For more information see the APA manual.
Within the text the publication date is followed by the suffixes a, b, c, etc. after the year; repeat the year. The suffixes reflect the order in which the references are arranged in the reference list i.e. alphabetically by the title (excluding ‘ A’ and ‘ The’ ) that follows the date.
For example: Cook (2001a) found that the control of …. The roles were reversed (Cook, 2001b).
List two or more works by different authors who are cited within the same parentheses in alphabetical order by the first author’s surname. Separate the citations with semicolons
Your Reference List:
Formatting your reference list is covered in Chapter 4 of the APA manual. What follows are some general guidelines for formatting your reference list.
Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper and should begin on a separate page from the text of the essay under the heading References (centered, at the top of the page and not underlined). The references should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay, and entries should have a hanging indent of 5 spaces (i.e. starting on the 5th^ space). NB: The School of Nursing accepts 1.5 or double spacing. In this guide I have used 1.5 spacing to save paper!!
References cited in the text must appear in the reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in the text.
NB: A Reference list cites works that specifically support a particular article whereas a Bibliography cites works for background or for further reading and may include descriptive notes.
Abbreviations: Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications are:
chap. chapter p. Page
ed. edition pp. Pages
rev. ed. revised edition para. paragraph
2 nd^ ed. second edition Pt. Part
Ed. Editor Suppl. Supplement
Eds. Editors Tech. Rep. Technical Report
et al. and others (from Latin et alii, et aliae )
Trans. Translator(s)
n.d. no date Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4)
No. Number vols. Volumes (as in 4 vols.)
Publisher’s Locations: Give the location (city and state for U.S. publishers, city, state or province if applicable, and country for publishers outside of the United States) of the publishers of books, reports, brochures, and other separate, non-periodical publications. If two or more publisher locations are given, give the location listed first in the book or, if specified, the location of the publishers home office. If the publisher is a university, and the name of the state (or province) is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the name in the publisher location. The following locations can be listed without a state abbreviation or country because they are major cites that are well known for publishing. NB: Do not use abbreviations for the name of the Country e.g. use New Zealand not NZ.
Baltimore Philadelphia Milan Tokyo
Boston San Francisco Moscow Vienna
Chicago Amsterdam Paris
Los Angeles Jerusalem Rome
New York London Stockholm
Order of References:
For more detailed information see Section 4.04 pg 219 of the APA manual
References are arranged in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author
Arranged by year of publication, the earliest first
For example: Hobson, J. M. (2000). Where to … Hobson, J. M. (2004). Maori nursing….
Arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A and The) that follows the date.
For example: Cook, S. (2001a). The control of …. Cook, S. (2001b). Roles of the…..
Alphabetise group authors by the first significant word of the name. Use the full name.
For example: American Psychological Association, (not APA) University of Auckland, Department of Medicine,
The title moves to the author position and the entry is alphabetised by the first significant word of the title.
For example: Surveillance and control notes. (1997). New Zealand Public Health Report, 4 (6), 43-45.
How to reference a Periodical/Journal Article
The following details are needed (if available) in this order:
1. Author/s. of article – Surname,(comma) Initial(s).(full stop) 2. Year. of publication in parentheses. (followed by a full stop) 3. Title. of article. (followed by a full stop) 4. Journal title , in italics (followed by a comma) NB: Journal Title must be in full 5. Volume number in italics (followed by a comma if no issue number is given) 6. Issue/part number, in parentheses - only needed if issues are individually paginated (followed by a comma) 7. Page Numbers. of article (followed by a full stop)
Neugroschl, J. (2002). Agitation: How to manage behaviour disturbances in the older patient with dementia. Geriatrics, 57 (4), 33-37.
Hughes, E., & Rodgers, J. (1999). Changing times in diabetes care. Diabetes Primary Care , 1 (1), 4.
Ilan, D. I., Liporace, F. A., Rosen, J., & Cannavo, D. (2004). Efficacy of rofecoxib for pain control after knee arthroscopy: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Arthroscopy, 20 , 813-818.
Cohet, C., Cheng, S., MacDonald, C., Baker, M., Foliaki, S., Huntington, N., et al. (2004). Infections, medication use, and the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in childhood. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 58 , 852-857.
How to reference a Newspaper Article
The following details are needed (if available) in this order:
1. Reporter/s. of article – Surname,(comma) Initial(s).(full stop) 2. Year, Month Day. of publication in parentheses. (followed by a full stop) 3. Title. of article. (followed by a full stop) 4. Newspaper title , in italics (followed by a comma) 5. Section Page Number/s. of article (followed by a full stop)
Brooker, M. (2003, July 14). Meningitis scare swamps hospital_. The Press,_ p. A1.
NB: If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers and separate the numbers with a comma (e.g. pp. B1, B3, B5-B7.) If there is no reporter the work goes under the Title of the article.
How to reference a Book
The following details are needed (if available) in this order:
1. Name/s. of author(s), editor(s) – Surname,(comma) Initial(s).(full stop) 2. Year. of publication in parentheses. (followed by a full stop) 3. Title****. of publication in italics. (followed by a full stop) 4. Edition. (in parentheses) if other than the first (followed by a full stop) (edition always abbreviated to ed.) 5. Place of publication: (followed by a colon) 6. Publisher. (followed by a full stop)
Durie, M. (2001). Mauri ora: The dynamics of Maori health. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.
Perl, A. (Ed.). (2004). Autoimmunity: Methods and protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Polit-O'Hara, D., & Hungler, B. P. (1999). Nursing research: Principles and methods (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
NB: For books that have 3 to 5 authors see in-text citation information on page 6.
For books that have six or more authors , follow the rule for journals (see example on Page 12) and abbreviate remaining authors as et al. (not italicized and with a full stop after “al”). For in- text citation information see page 6.
New Zealand Occupational Safety & Health Service. (1996). Approved code of practice for the management of noise in the workplace. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Labour, Occupational Safety & Health Service.
When the author and the publisher are the same, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.
New Zealand Ministry of Health. (2004). Guideline for specialist health services for older people. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
Australian medicines handbook: AMH. (2004). Adelaide, South Australia: Australian Medicines Handbook.
How to reference a Brochure/Pamphlet
Format references to brochures/pamphlets in the same way as those to entire books (see page 15). In brackets, identify the publication as a brochure.
Diabetes New Zealand. (2003). Cardiovascular risk and diabetes [Brochure]. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
How to reference Technical Reports
The following details are needed (if available) in this order:
1. Name/s. of author(s), editor(s) – Surname,(comma) Initial(s).(full stop) 2. Year. of publication in parentheses. (followed by a full stop) 3. Title****. of publication in italics. (followed by a full stop) 4. Report No. (in parentheses, followed by a full stop) (edition always abbreviated to ed.) 5. Place of publication: (followed by a colon) 6. Publisher. (followed by a full stop)
Eagle, L., Bulmer, S., & Hawkins, J. (2003). The 'obesity epidemic': Complex causes, controversial cures: Implications for marketing communication (Tech. Rep. No. 03.03.). Auckland, New Zealand: Massey University at Albany, Department of Commerce.
NB: If there is no report number treat the item as a book and reference as such (see pg 14). If using EndNote and you have selected Reference type - Report, the following fields need to be filled in - Author, Year, Title, Type, Report No., City, Institution (for publishers name).
How to reference a Conference Proceeding
NB: Treat regularly published Conference Proceedings as journals (see pg 12). Conference Proceedings that are published in any form (e.g. in a journal, as a chapter in an edited book, or as contribution to a symposium) should be treated in the same way as a chapter in a book (see pg 16).
The following details are needed (if available) in this order:
1. Name/s. of author(s), editor(s) – Surname,(comma) Initial(s).(full stop) 2. Year. of publication in parentheses. (followed by a comma) and Month. (followed by a full stop) 3. Title****. of publication in italics. (followed by a full stop) 4. Name of Conference, (followed by a comma) Insert the following text before Name of Conference – **Paper presented at the
For an unpublished paper
Bonita, R. (2000, May 8-10). World Health Organisation mandate for women and heart diseases. Paper presented at the International Conference on Women, Heart Diseases and Stroke, Victoria, Canada.
Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses
How to reference a Thesis
NB: The American equivalent of a master’s thesis is a doctoral dissertation
The following details are needed (if available) in this order:
1. Name/s. of author(s), editor(s) – Surname,(comma) Initial(s).(full stop) 2. Year. of publication in parentheses. (followed by a full stop) 3. Title****. of publication in italics. (followed by a full stop) 4. Name of University, (followed by a comma) Insert the following text before Name of University – Unpublished master’s thesis OR if from an American University - **Unpublished doctoral dissertation
Unpublished Thesis
Grayson, S. J. (2001). Nursing management of the rheumatic fever secondary prophylaxis programme. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. OR Spernak, S. M. (2001). The impact of constructive thinking and doctor-patient relations on cardiac patient adherence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
NB: If you are using EndNote select the Reference type – Thesis. You will need to type the following text into the Thesis Type field - either master’s thesis or doctoral dissertation.
How to reference a Personal Communication
Personal communications are not included in the reference list. See page 8 for in-text citation details.
