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Motor Control Exam 3 Study Guide: GMP
Theory, Coordination, & Open/Closed-Loop
Systems
what is coordination? the patterning of head, body, and/or limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects/events are we looking at the motor skill or the movement for coordination? movement what is an effector? limbs/muscles that act to cause a movement what is an open-loop control system? pathway? example? time frame? DEFINITION: all the information needed to initiate an action as planned is contained in the initial instructions to the effectors PATHWAY: movement control center sends movement instructions to movement effectors EXAMPLE: dart throw TIMEL <150ms what is an closed-loop control system? pathway? DEFINITION: course of an action where feedback is compared against a standard to enable an action to be carried out as planned PATHWAY: movement control center sends movement instructions to movement effectors AND THEN movement effectors send feedback to the movement control center
what is a motor program theory? DEFINITION: a memory representation that stores information for every single movement (CONTROLLED TOP-DOWN OR BRAIN-TO- BODY( PROBLEMS: storage = might not have enough for each movement, novelty = how do we produce new movements that we have never done before if we don’t have a stored motor program what is schmidt’s generalized motor program (GMP)? memory representation of a class of actions that share common invariant characteristics (throwing, kicking, etc.)
what are attractors? example? preferred behavioral states of human environment
talk about the example of attractors going from running to walking transition phase = nonlinear changes walking at 3mph = attractor state movement walking at 7/8mph = hand/legs transition to a new attractor state movement of running what are order parameters? specific/abstract variables that define an overall behavior of a system EXAMPLE: walking = movement of arms, legs, & torso to accomplish locomotion what are control parameters? control variables (tempo, speed, force) that freely change according to the characteristics of an action (walking = speed of walking) how do control parameters apply to going from walking to running? point of phase transition happens at 7 mph (aka the SPECIFIC CONTROL PARAMETER) where the movement of arms, legs, & torso changes to attractor state of running w/ new order parameters what is coordinative structures? collection of muscles & joints that are constrained by the nervous system to act cooperatively to produce an action what is the ensemble metaphor for coordinative structures? each individual has a part, each individual has a vision of the finished product, & therefore, compensations can occur if 1 part is failing/not working what is perception-action coupling? example? spatial & temporal coordination of vision & the hands/feet that enable people to perform eye- hand & eye-foot coordination (AKA VISUAL INFO GUIDES MOTOR BEHAVIOR) EXAMPLE: the size of the step/obstacle in front of you will dictate the height at which you pick up your leg
- explains reproduction of movements well DYNAMIC SYSTEM THEORY
- movement is controlled out-to-in
- good explanation for continuous movements w/ closed loop
- new understanding of motor control theory
- solves “novelty” problem well how does correcting a golf swing using a box drill look different between the schema theory & dynamic system theory? SCHEMA THEORY: box will correct the swing b/c as you do this over & over again you will reprogram your brain on what a golf swing motor program is DYNAMIC SYSTEM THEORY: as soon as the box is gone, the person will swing the same way as before UNLESS the outcome of the golf ball is different & what it is focused on what did keele & posner find? as movement time increases, probability of missing decreases what is the fitts’ study? hypothesis? DEFINITION: systematic analysis of the relationship between speed & accuracy by having a subject tap between 2 targets as quickly & accurately as possible in a given time HYPOTHESIS: difficulty of the moment is influenced by how far you moved & size of target RESULTS: found a linear correlation btw time of movement & ID what is the index of difficulty (ID)? equation? smaller width & larger distance = large ID EQUATION: log 2 (2D/w) what is the movement time equation? EQUATION: a + (b)(ID) a = intercept b = slope what is the intercept? how long the movement time if there is no ID to the task (tapping a pen as fast as you can)
how does slope affect movement time? what effects it? everytime the ID increases by 1 = MT increases by slope
what are the 4 phases of catching a ball? <25% = no arm movement 25-50% = beginning of elbow flexion & finger extension 50-75% = hands withdraw from the ball & are spatially positioned (visual info shows where/how hands must be shaped before ball is touched) 75-100% = final finger positioning (failure to do this = most drops) what is the difference between experts & novices when it comes to the vision of hands while catching? EXPERTS = usually never drop due to position if they have full vision BUT they struggle w/ grasp if they don’t have full vision NOVICES = usually drop due to grip with full vision BUT they struggle with position when w/o vision how does catching a ball in the air have to do with angles when it comes to catching straight on or to the side? STRAIGHT: angle (a) is most important (between 0 o-90o) SIDE: angle a (btw 0-90o) & angle b (unknown but is tracking angle) are used to determine path of running what changes with shift in pitch speed & what doesn’t? DOES: time at which the hitter initiates the swing DOESN’T: swing speed/timing of swing movements what differs between expert & college players in baseball? MLB = able to watch ball up to 5.5 feet from home plate COLLEGE = able to watch ball up to 9ft from home plate what is motor learning? a change in capability of a person to perform a skill inferred from a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice or experience what is improvement? performance of a skill gets better over time (if we practice = alway see improvement)
what is consistency? performance becomes less variable over time (variable error measures this variability) what is stability? performance becomes less affected by internal & external disruptions/stressors (i.e. football players in the NFL at the super bowl) what is persistence? mark of relatively permanent improve in performance what is adaptability? ability to have similar performance regardless of the context of performance environment
what is a retention test? wait a given amount of time & see if performance is similar to the last couple practice performances (BEST AT DETERMINING PERSISTANCE? what is a transfer test? see how ability/performance transfers due to novel context & novel skill variation what is novel context? the environment characteristics change (i.e. pickleball indoor → outdoor) what is novel skill variation? the skill practiced is slightly altered (i.e. pickleball → racquet ball) what factors of motor learning are difficult to measure? adaptability stability what are Fitts-Posner 3 stages of Learning?
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous what is the goal of the cognitive stage (FITTS- POSNER)? retain good strategies & discard inappropriate strategies (DRAMATIC IMPROVEMENT & lots of inconsistency) what is the marker that we have entered the associative stage? an established movement pattern what is the goal of the associative stage (FITTS- POSNER)? be able to detect & fix errors (ASSOCIATE ENVIRONMENTAL CUES W/ RIGHT MOVEMENTS = effective strategy) what is the marker that we have entered the autonomous stage? skill is largely automatic what is the goal of the autonomous stage? expertise due to the less interference from external/internal stimulation (INCREASED STABILITY) can detect & correct errors what is gradual transition? learners don’t make abrupt shifts from 1 stage to the next
what are Gentile’s 2-stages of Learning?
- get the idea of the movement (develop plan & identify important environmental conditions)
- fixation & diversification what is fixation? refine movement patterns so they can be performed correctly, consistently, & efficiently from trial to trial (CLOSED SKILLS) what is diversification? capability to modify the movement pattern according to the environmental context characteristics (OPEN SKILLS) what is the power law? specific to tasks that are timed (i.e. less time to complete the task = better) what tasks use the power law? sport stacking obstacle course dribbling cone drills what trend is the power law? negative acceleration curve what is freezing degrees of freedom? early learners freeze their degrees of freedom by locking joints what are degrees of freedom? example? DEFINITION: # of directions a joint can be actively moved PLUS # of joints needed for a specific movement EXAMPLE: elbow (2) = flexion/extension & pronation/supination what is a movement bias? DEFINITION: we approach each movement w/ a bias motor program & it’s very difficult to overcome EXAMPLE : pitchers are better golfers not hitters what is expertise? pinnacle of motor learning & the aspired end result of practicing a motor skill what is expertise is a combination of? practice/time coaching/teaching/role models genetics psychosocial support/development
MLB PLAYERS CAN WATCH THE BALL LONGER
THAN COLLEGE PLAYERS
what is the 10,000 hour rule? pseudo-based on Ericsson’s 1993 paper on musician expertise that states 10k hours of deliberate practice to be an expert what is youth sport specialization? risks? DEFINITION: year-round participation in a single-sport at the exclusion of other sports & activities RISKS: Injury Increased burnout Financial burden of sport what did the US studies find about sport specialization in D1 athletes? athletes had less levels of specialization more likely to have family in pro-sports or D1 sports didn’t specialize sooner than normal undergrad students what did european studies find about sport specialization? track = late entering competition → higher success at national level soccer = slightly above average club time, lots of free soccer play, played other sports, & started soccer later what is transfer of learning? gain/loss in proficiency of one still as a result of practice in some other skill what is a positive transfer? beneficial effect of previous experience on learning/performance of new skill what is the identical elements theory (POS TRANSFER)? transfer happens between movements with similar skills & contexts EXAMPLE: SKILL = overhead action of baseball/football; CONTEXT = practice field goal w/ fake crowd noise what is the transfer-appropriate processing theory (POS TRANSFER)? transfer happens when the information has to be processed is similar
what is a negative transfer? negative effect of prior experience on the performance of a skill so that a person performs
