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Course title: Experimental psychology and psychological testing.
Course code: MPCL-007
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MPC007 PRACTICAL FILE, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Psychology
MPC007 PRACTICAL FILE CONSISTING OF 2-3 PRACTICALS
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2020/2021
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Name :
Enrollment no .:
Study center : Amar Jyoti Rehabilitation and Research Centre
Study center code : 0734D
Program : MAPC
Course title : Experimental psychology and psychological testing.
Course code : MPCL-
Phone no :
Email id :
INDEX PAGE
S.No. Name of Practical Date of Attendance
1 Introduction 20/03/
Social Learning theory and Social
cognitive theory
3 Intelligence 02/04/
4 Aging 02/04/
5 Locus of control 09/04/
6 Cattell’s 16 PF 09/04/
16 Personality factor questionnaire by
Raymond Cattell
Social cognitive theory was also given by Albert Bandura (1986). According to this theory people are active agents who both influence and are influenced by their environment. This theory is also based on observational learning which can be explained as the process of learning different kinds of behaviours which can be desirable or undesirable, by observing other people around us and then demonstrating the learned behaviors in order to maximize rewards. People’s beliefs in their own self-efficacy influences whether or not they will reproduce an observed behavior. Discussion : Difference between Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. Both Social learning and social cognitive theories attempt to explain the process of learning through observational learning, by observing the behaviours of people around us, thus learning in a social context. Both of these theories have their grounds in behaviorist traditions in that focus on learned behavior and excluding thought and emotion. Both these theories do agree that cognitive processes play a role in learning and behavior. Although social learning and social cognitive theories are very similar in nature as both the theories are given by Albert Bandura and social cognitive theory can be viewed as an expanded version of the social learning theory, they do have a few differences. According to social cognitive theory, learning occurs through observing behaviours and reproduction of the behaviour is regulated by personal, behavioural and environmental factors whereas according to social learning theory learning of new behaviours occurs by observation and modelling of the learned behaviours. Social Cognitive theory was given by Albert Bandura but social learning theory had contributions by other psychologists like Neil
Miller and John Dollard as well. Social cognitive theory emphasizes on people being active agents in the process of observational learning which is influenced by personal, behavioural and environmental factors. It also talks abouts the role of self-efficacy in learning of behaviours whereas in social learning theory the emphasis is on observational learning and it’s consequences (reinforcements) which lead to modeling of learnt and rewarded behaviour. In the social cognitive theory, reinforcement or environmental factors has an equal role with cognitive factors in the learning and production of behavior. In social learning theory, consequences and reinforcement play a major role in the acquisition and production of behavior. Social cognitive theory has a broader theoretical scope as it includes a conceptualization of humans as agents capable of shaping their environment and of self-regulation. Social learning theory on the other hand is limited to tackling the learning process in the social context. Applications of Social Learning Theory. Social learning theory is explained well in the bobo doll experiment conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 where he investigated if behaviours can be learnt socially through observation and imitation. The children were exposed to two different adult models; an aggressive model and a non-aggressive one. After witnessing the adult's behavior, the children would then be placed in a room without the model and were observed to see if they would imitate the behaviors they had witnessed earlier. It was found that children who observed the aggressive model made far more imitative aggressive responses than those who were in the non-aggressive or control groups. These finding support the social learning theory that behaviours can be learnt through observation. In this experiment we can see how
to behave habitually in an aggressive or nonaggressive manner. The spread of violence might occur through mass media. Children may catch violence from their parents, peers, and mass media. The more violent people one is exposed to, the more likely they are to catch violence. Conclusion: It can be seen by social learning theory and social cognitive theory that learning can occur through observation and also might include other personal (cognitive), behavioural and environmental factors. Social learning is best explained by the bobo doll experiment and can be applied to many areas of life as well. References : Brown, g. (2020, July 14). Difference Between Social Cognitive Theory and Social Learning Theory. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects. http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-social-cognitive-theory- and-social-learning-theory/. How Does Observational Learning Actually Work?. (2022). Retrieved 5 May 2022, from https://www.verywellmind.com/social-learning-theory- Huesmann, L. (2018). An integrative theoretical understanding of aggression: a brief exposition. Current Opinion In Psychology , 19 , 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04. McLeod, S. A. (2014, Febuary 05). Bobo doll experiment. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html McLeod, S. A. (2016, Febuary 05). Bandura - social learning theory. Simply Psychology.
www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html Social Cognitive Theory: How We Learn From the Behavior of Others. (2022). Retrieved 6 May 2022, from https://www.thoughtco.com/social-cognitive-theory-
Sternberg (1985) proposed his theory as an alternative to the idea of the general intelligence factor also known as g , is what intelligence tests typically measure. It refers only to “academic intelligence.” Sternberg, contends that there are three types of intelligence: practical (the ability to get along in different contexts), creative (the ability to come up with new ideas), and analytical (the ability to evaluate information and solve problems). Analytical Intelligence can also be referred to as being book smart. This form of intelligence is more in terms with the traditional definitions of IQ and academic achievement. It’s also called componential intelligence. Because of its analytical nature, the person with high analytical intelligence is good at problem solving. These people are generally more able to see the solutions not normally seen, because of their abstract thinking and evaluation skills. The ability to invent new ideas and solutions when dealing with new situations is regarded as creative intelligence. It’s also referred as experiential intelligence. This form of intelligence is associated with using existing knowledge and skills in order to deal with new problems or situations. Practical intelligence can be defined as street- smart. The ability of a person to adapt in an environment or change it accordingly to best suit the personal needs is dubbed as practical intelligence. Another way to understand such type of intelligence is as common sense. Dealing with the everyday tasks in the best possible manner shows the person’s intelligence. Discussion: The blog talks about intelligence tests and how they fail to measure a lot more than academic intelligence like the ability to adapt as per Robert Sternberg just like the problem of dealing with Covid 19 and adapting to live with it is also a skill and as aspect of intelligence which is not measured by any IQ test. Both Sternberg’s and Gardner’s theories describe intelligence in different ways. Sternberg talks about analytical, creative and practical intelligence while Gardner
talks about eight different types of intelligence. In my opinion, just like the blog states intelligence is more than just academic intelligence and IQ tests do not measure a major portion of it. Standardized test problems have no real-life context. Real-world problems are highly contextualized, emotionally arousing and may have high stakes. Real-world problems require you actively to use your intelligence. Standardized tests measure an innate form of intelligence which may exist in the mind but is rarely applicable in real life. Therefore, IQ tests do not seem like a good measure to understand how a person displays intelligence outside of pen and paper question solving like analyzing street smartness, the ability to understand real world problems and much more. Sternberg’s theory covers the topic of intelligence in a broader aspect as compared to Gardner. Both the theories speak about intelligences different from academic intelligence but according to me, Sternberg’s theory is closer to understanding how intelligence is deployed in real life and how we use different kinds of intelligences in different situations. Thus, in my opinion, there is no one true intelligence and all the theories are true in describing one or the other aspect of intelligence but measuring intelligence using one test still seems debatable. Conclusion: There are multiple theories of intelligence, all true in their own form having their applications and criticisms but there could not be one true intelligence as intelligence is vast and present in many forms in all of us. References: Gardner, H. (1987). The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Annals of Dyslexia , 37 , 19–35. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ Gardner, H., & Gardner, H. (2022). COVID-19 Has Taught Us What Intelligence Really Is — MI
PRACTICAL 3
Title: Aging Aim: To understand the process of aging holistically including physical, emotional, social and psychological aging. Introduction: Old age consists of ages nearing the average life span of human beings, and thus the end of the human life cycle. Old age cannot be defined exactly because it does not have the same meaning in all societies. In many parts of the world, people are considered old because of certain changes in their activities or social roles. Aging refers to the biological and psychological changes associated with chronological age (APA,2022). Some age-related changes are benign, such as graying hair. Others result in declines in function of the senses and activities of daily life and increased susceptibility to and frequency of disease, or disability. Aging can be physical, emotional, social and psychological. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. Increasing age brings changes in cognition and emotion that have impacts on subjective well-being, social relationships, decision making, and self-control. How individuals respond to these challenges has implications for their independence, cognitive function, social relationships, mental health, physical function, and economic well-being. There are studies that state aging may increase a person’s risk of experiencing depression and other mental illnesses. Erikson (1958) said that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy
personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore an unhealthy sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time. These stages are Trust vs mistrust (0-1.5), Autonomy vs shame (1.5-3) Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years), Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 11 years), Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years), Intimacy vs. Isolation (19 to 40 years), Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65 years), Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 to death). During old age, people go through the last psychosocial stage of development which is integrity vs despair where people look back on their life happenings and determine if they are happy with the life that they lived or if they regret the things they did or didn't do. Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair. Materials Required: Questionnaire, paper, pencil Participant’s Profile: Name of the participant - ABC Age - 68 Gender - Male Educational qualification – B.Com. Occupation: Businessman Family structure: Joint Family Procedure and Administration: Preparation: Interview schedule was prepared and consent was taken from the participant
A. I work, I am a businessman, I run a family business with my son. We sell sanitary wear like toilet seats, taps, fittings and much more. I wanted by Daughter I law to also join us but she is not able to find time outside the house as children are small right now, their school duties take up all her time. I have done B.com. Q. Did you have any expectations at points in your life about what growing older would be like for you? A. Yes, I did, I was scared about growing old as I saw my parents struggle with their health and finances and I did not want to feel dependent on anyone, even during my old age. So, I pictured myself, working and supporting myself along with a happy family, grandchildren, to play with. Sometimes I wish my brothers also lived with me, we’d be a big family. All I expected was to be happy and healthy. Q. How do you feel now about growing old? What’s the hardest thing about growing older? The best thing? A. Well honestly, it’s a mixed feeling, I feel happy, sad, and scared at the same time. I am happy to see my family happy and healthy, sad to see life coming to an end and scared about losing my loved ones, my wife, my brothers. The hardest thing about growing older is the regret of wanting to do things differently than you have and waiting for it to get over. The best thing is watching you children grow up, excel in life and see the family expand. Q. How should a person prepare for old age? Is there anything you wish you’d done differently? A. You cannot prepare yourself for old age, it comes to you as it is and pray that you stay healthy. Sometimes yes, I wish I had done a few things differently like I spent too much time at
work to earn money for the family that I never got a chance to bind with them and today they are all so busy in their lives that no one has time. Q. Do you think the process of aging is changing over time? Like as compered to you parents? Or when you see your children going through middle age, do you see any significant difference? A. Mostly I feel it’s the same, it just differs with time and technology but the core is the same, we all go through similar things just the way of dealing is different. Parents’ aging, I don’t remember much. Q. Do you have any health issue? If yes, how do you take care of your health? Physical and mental A. Yes, I do. I am a heart patient, I got operated a few years ago and I am diabetic too. Mentally, I’d say loneliness, big health problems and uncertainty of the future is kind of haunting, I am scared what will happen if my wife dies before me? I don’t want to see that day. Both of us are usually breathless and are on anxiety medication as well but overall, I think we can manage. Q. What do you think about the healthcare system of our country? What are the challenges that you face? A. I have no complaints about the healthcare system personally because I have received good care always, I just with it was cheaper though. Q. Do you think people look at the elderly in a different way? Are there any stereotypes attached? A. No I don’t feel anything like that, I have usually felt people care about you more when you are older but isn’t that a good thing? I don’t find anything negative about it.
uncertainty. When faced with unavoidable or inescapable negative events, older adults experience relatively high levels of physiological distress that can be highly disruptive to physical and mental health. Under such circumstances, social isolation greatly exacerbates the disruption. Conclusion: The participant goes through ups and downs of aging having it’s struggles and good times. He seems easily affected by stress and finds it hard to cope up with it. References: Aging and depression. https://www.apa.org. (2022). Retrieved 12 May 2022, from https://www.apa.org/topics/aging-end-life/depression#:~:text=There%20is%20evidence %20that%20some,%2C%20mental%20impairment%2C%20and%20dementia. APA Dictionary of Psychology. Dictionary.apa.org. (2022). Retrieved 12 May 2022, from https://dictionary.apa.org/aging. Charles, S., & Carstensen, L. (2010). Social and Emotional Aging. Annual Review Of Psychology , 61 (1), 383-409. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008. Understanding Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. Verywell Mind. (2022). Retrieved 12 May 2022, from https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-eriksons-stages-of-psychosocial-development-2795740.
PRACTICAL 4
Title: Locus of Control Aims: To assess the locus of control of the participant using Rotter’s locus of control. Introduction: The term ‘Locus of control’ refers to how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior. A person can either have an internal locus of control or an external locus of control (Rotter, 1954). "A locus of control orientation is a belief about whether the outcomes of our actions are a result of our own actions called as internal locus of control or on events outside our personal control like powerful others, fate, or chance is called as external locus of control" (Phillip Zimbardo, 2002). Internal locus of control - People with a high internal locus of control feel that they have personal control over their behavior and outcomes and are therefore more likely to take responsibility for the way they behave. For example, if a person with internal locus of control gets a good job, they will say that they prepared well for the interview, or they have the right experience and qualifications and they deserve it. External locus of control- People with a high external locus of control feel that they have very less control over their behaviors and the outcomes are a result of many external factors like fate or luck. For example, a person with external locus of control gets a good job, they will say that it was due to luck, or they were just at the right place at the right time. The concept of locus of control can be applied in many aspects of daily life, whether the locus is external or internal it will - by definition - affect one’s mind, body, and even actions. Description of the Test: