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MPCE 014 solved practical file, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Psychology

#Difference between DSM VI AND DSM V # BIG FIVE PERSNALITY TEST # RHACH INKBLOT TEST #NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH SURVEY OF INDIA #HYPOTHETICAL CASE OF JAI #REFERENCES

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2019/2020

Uploaded on 04/18/2022

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Download MPCE 014 solved practical file and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! MAPC 2ND YEAR PRACTICAL NAME - SAHAR ABBAS ENROLLMENT NO :- COURSE CODE :- 014 CONTACT NO:- EMAIL ID 1 MAPC 2ND YEAR PRACTICAL NAME - SAHAR ABBAS ENROLLMENT NO :- COURSE CODE :- 014 CONTACT NO:- EMAIL ID STUDY CENTER CODE :- Dept., of mental health life $&skills promotion (01760P REGINOAL CENTER:- RC – DELHI - 01 DISIPLINE OF PSYCHOLOGY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE (SOSS) INDRA GHANDI NATIONAL OPEN UNOVERSITY (IGNOU)MAIDAN GARHI Pin Code is 110068. 2 INTRODUCTION : - The big five personality traits are the best accepted and commonly used model of personality in academic psychology. If you take a college course in personality psychology, this is what you will learn about. The big five come from the statistical study of responses to personality items. Using a technique called factory analysis researchers can look at the responses of people to hundreds of personality items and ask the question ‘What is the best was to summarize an individual?’ This has been through with many samples from everywhere the planet and therefore the general result's that, while there seem to be unlimited personality variables, five stands out from the pack in terms of explaining a lot of person’s answers to questions about their personality: The five-factor model of personality may be a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of 5 basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Research using both tongue adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnaires supports the comprehensiveness of the model and its Applicability across observers and cultures. This article summarizes the history of the model and its supporting evidence; discusses conceptions of the character of the factors; and descriptions an agenda for theorizing about the origins and Operation of the factors. We argue that the model should prove useful both for Individual assessment and for the elucidation of variety of topics of interest to personality psychologist. The Big Five Personality Traits model is based on findings from several independent researchers, and it dates back to the late 1950s. But the model as we know it now began to take shape in the 1990s.Lewis Goldberg, a researcher at the Oregon Research Institute, is credited with naming the model "The Big Five." It is now considered to be an accurate and respected personality scale, which is routinely used by businesses and in psychological research. The Big Five Personality Traits Model measures five key dimensions of people's personalities. DESCRIPTION: - Many contemporary personally psychologist believe that there are five basic dimension of personality, often referred to as the ‘Big five’ personality traits. The five broad personality traits described by the theory are extraversion (also often called extroversion), agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism. Earlier theories of possible traits, including Gardon Allport’s list of 4000 personality traits Raymond cattel’s 16 personality factors and Hans Eysenck’s three – factory theory. However many researchers felt that cattell’s theory was too complicate and Eysenck’s was too limited in scope. As a result, the five – factor theory emerged to describe the essential traits that serve as the building block of personality. In the 1940s, Raymond Cattell and his colleagues used factor analysis (a statistical method) to narrow down Allport’s list to sixteen traits. However, numerous psychologists examined Cattell’s list 5 and found that it could be further reduced to five traits. Among these psychologists were Donald Fiske, Norman, Smith, Goldberg, and McCrae & Costa (Cherry, 2019). THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS AND FACETS Each of the five factors has 6 facets. It is quite common for facet scores to be in ranges similar to –or close to- the factor score. However, on occasions there can be differences. In such cases we recommend that you pay more attention to the facet scores than to the broad factor scores. THE BIG FIVE MODEL OF PERSONALITY: An impressive body of research supports that five basic dimensions underlie all other personality dimensions. The five basic dimensions are: EXTRAVERSION: Comfort level with relationships. Extroverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Interesting in getting ahead, Leading through influencing, Individuals are outgoing; Likes to meet new people and willing to confront others. Introverts tend to be reserved, timid, and quiet. AGREEABLENESS : Individual’s propensity to defer to others. High agreeableness people- cooperative, warm, and trusting. Traits related to getting along with others. Characteristics include warm, easygoing, compassionate, friendly, and sociable. Individuals typically are sociable and have lots of friends. Low agreeableness people—cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS : A measure of reliability. A high conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Includes traits related to achievement. Traits include high credibility, conformity, and organization. Individuals typically work hard and put in extra time and effort to meet goals. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. EMOTIONAL STABILITY : A person’s ability to withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. The fine line between stable and unstable. Stable is being calm, good under pressure, relaxed, and secure. Unstable is nervous, poor under pressure, insecure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure. OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE : The range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. Trait related to being 6 willing to change and try new things. Individuals typically are willing to take calculated risks. Those at the other end of the openness category are conventional and find comfort in the familiar. MATERIALS REQUIRED  The test booklet.  Answer sheet  Scoring key  Pencil  Eraser  Computer screen & internet. PROCEDURE AND ADMINISTRATION The test consists of 50 statements that a participant must rate on, how true they are about participant in a five scale where I – Disagree, 3 – Neutral and 5 – Agree. Time consuming by participant mostly 3-8 minute to complete, on the basis of given responses of participant in test, results will show that participant where fall on a spectrum for each trait. PREPARATION All material required for the conduction of test like test booklet, answer sheet, Scoring key, pencil, eraser, compute and stop watch are ready. RAPPORT Rapport is created with the participant and participant is well informing about the details of test. INSTRUCTIONS This is a personality test, it will help the participant to understand why participant act the way that you do and how your personality is structured. Circle the numbers that indicate how much participant disagree or agree with each statement. Begin each statement with “I”. SCORE This report ranks your scores within a range from 'very low' to 'very high'. To enable you to make a comparison the percentage of people * who normally fall within each range is indicated. *Normal adult working population. Distribution of scores may differ if comparisons are being made against other cultural, demographic or specific occupational groups. We will find that we have described low and high scores for each of the factors and facets. This has proven to be an 7 PRECAUTION  Environment of test should be calm, proper and clean.  Time management should be proper.  Apparatus should be work properly.  Participant interest and mood should be good.  Analysis of test result should be according to true readings. SCORING AND INTERPRETATION This table contains a score and also a percentile on the basis of IPIP Big Five Factor Markers. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION  FACTOR I – was labeled as EXTROVERSION by the developers of the IPIP – BFFM. Factor I is sometimes given other names, such as surgency or Positive Emotionality individual score high on Factor I one are outgoing and social. Individuals who score low tend to be shut INS.  FACTOR II – is labeled as EMOTIONAL STABILITY. Factor II is often referred to by other names, such as Neuroticism or Negative Emotionality (in these two cases interpretations are inverted, as Neuroticism and Negative Emotionality can be thought of as the opposite of Emotional Stability).  FACTOR III – is labeled as AGREEABLENESS. A person high in agreeableness is friendly and optimistic. Low scorers are critical and aggressive.  FACTOR IV - is labeled as CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. Individuals who score this factor are careful and diligent. Low scores are impulsive and disorganized. 10  FACTOR V – Is labeled as INTELLECT /IMAGINATION. This factor is also often called OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE. People who score low tend to be traditional and conventional. END PRACTICAL 2 RORSCHACH INKBLOT TECNIQUE / TEST TITLE – RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST AIM / OBJECTIVE To assess the personality structure of the subject by using Rorschach Inkblot Technique. INTRODUCTION : Rorschach inkblot technique was developed by Herman Rorschach a Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921 to form a diagnostic investigation of personality. It’s based on projective method of psychological testing in which a person is catechized to describe what he or she sees in 10 inkblots, of which some are pitch-dark and grayish and others have patches of color. During 1940’s and 1950’s, the test was synonymous with clinical psychology and goes more popular in the psychology world. It attained peak vogue in the 1960’s when it was broadly used to impose cognitive and personality and to diagnosis certain inner conditions. His interest in inkblots continued into majority. While working in a psychiatric sanatorium, Rorschach noticed that cases with schizophrenia responded to the spots else from cases with other judgments. He began wondering if inkblots could be used to create character sketches for different cerebral illnesses. so, inspired perhaps by both his favorite youth game and his studies of Sigmund Freud’s dream symbolism, Rorschach developed a methodical approach to using inkblots as an assessment tool. The Rorschach test has grown to be one of the most popularly used cerebral tests. There are 10 sanctioned inkblots, each got out on separate white cards. Five inkblots are black and grayish; two are black, grayish, and red; and three are polychromatic without any black. One of the important specific of this approach is that's shapeless in nature and its stimulates the subject for free imagination, studies, conscious, unconscious or subconscious. Thus this test known as “projective test” as is this subject projective his/ her studies, hidden conditions, fantasies, fear, imagination etc., on the inkblot and note the response. Inkblot test can be used oppressively depleted cases when all the labs disquisition has failed to identify any physical or structural abnormality. 11  It can be used for cross-cultural exploration on introductory personality structure.  It can be used for psychiatric opinion expression.  It can be used for the cases of substance dependence to psychiatric and functional illness.  It can be used to explore the unconscious motive behind a geste and personality type. RELIABILITY : - The characteristic tested by Rorschach method scores a moderate degree of reliability is the form of internal consistency and retest after a reliability brief interval. VALIDITY : - Several methods have been used Rorschach finding compared with consistent observation of behavior over an adequate period of time. Matching Rorschach observation with clinical request. MATERIAL A set of 10 Inkblot cards, Rorschach manual response, Sheet, Pen, Pencil, Paper, Watch, Screen. SUBJECT’S PROFILE Name - XYZ Age - 40 Sex - Female Education - High school Occupation - House wife PROCEDURE AND ADMINISTRATION PRECAUTION Material required for the test was kept ready and comfortable environment was provided for the test. RAPPORT Was established with the subject by having a light and general conversation. The subjects were made comfortable and ease. All the queries of the subject were attended to carefully and resolved. The subject gave her informed consent to carry out the test. INSTRUCTION All the relevant and necessary instructions regarding the test were provided to the subject. The subject was told about the test its purpose, and what it measures / assess. The subject was told 12 ANATOMY-AN • Skeletal, muscular, organs or other internal anatomy without reference to x-ray (i.e., bones, skull, heart, vertebrae) SEX-(SX): Anything involving sex organs, activity of a sexual nature, or sexual reproduction (e.g., sexual intercourse, breasts). NATURE-(NA): Anything astronomical or weather-related (e.g., sun, planets, water, rainbow). Some responses are quite common, while others may be much more unique. Highly atypical responses are notable since they might indicate disturbances in thought patterns. POPULAR RESPONSE A popular response determined by the frequency of its occurrence in normal population. A response which in given frequently on the same location by the most of normal population. All population responses are considered of good form of level. ORIGINAL RESPONSE - These responses which are not represented frequently by the normal population are considered as test original response. SCORING AND INTERPRETATION LOCATION 1. W -10% - The subject has scared below 40 -50%. Therefore this indicates that she has management skills and takes arranging capacity. 2. D – 70% - The subject has scared above 40 -50% therefore this indicates that she would have impractical approach towards things. 3. L – 20% - The subject his scores more than 10% that means she has a tendency of less perfection on tiny and minute things. DETERMINANT  M - 57%  F - 50%  FL - 5%  V - 5%  C - 25%  CF - 5%  FV - 5%  M - 5% 15  M - 0% the subject has not scored on this which means she doesn’t have any inner aggression. RESPONSES - The subject has given 20 responses in total which is normal. However responses are related to productivity subject has normal productivity. Average Response Time (ART) ART = TotalTime 2! No ,of response = 40 mints 20 =2min The average response time is greater than 30- 60 sec. Hence that means the subject was little slow and she may also be depressed Average response time (chromatic cards) = Total time for chromatic cards No .of response = 77 11 =7 sec /response Average response time (achromatic cards) = Total time for ACHROMATIC respponse no . of response = 1.25 min 6 =18.5 sec /response Thus average response time (7sec) is less for chromatic cards than achromatic cards. This shows tendency for depression, anxiety and phobias. Reaction time= Total reaction time on each card / 10 = 187 10 =18.7 sec. The subject’s average reaction time is 18.7 sec. This lies in the range of 5 – 20 sec. Thus has no interpretation. Total reaction time = TotalTime 10 = 187 10 =18.7 sec Response time= 30/10 =3 min. Affective ratio= totalresponse of cards 8,9,10 Total response of cards 17.7 = 3+3+2 2+1+1+1 = 8 5 =1.6 Experience Balance = Total M ∑C = 1 5 ×1.5 = 1 7.5 =0.13 Experience Actual = M+C=1+5 = 6 Animal percentage A%= A+Ad ∑C × 100= 7 20 × 100 = 350% 16 L = ∑ F R−∑ F = 10 20 ¿ ¿= 1 F = plus Percentage (f+ %) = F+ ¿ ( F )+¿¿ ¿ = 6 6+4 × 100=0.6 × 100 = 60% Content = M-1 A -7 The ‘A’ on animal content is 35% and therefore denote poor adjustment. Popular Response – The subject has P popular responses which mean that the subject conforms to the names of society and is also somewhat creative. DISCUSSION The subject is a 33 years old female. She is married and is found to be on normal level of intellectual functioning. The Rorschach protocol suggests that the subject’s thought processes and imagination capacity are low (R.T is high). Here R.20 is normal, however the creativity in her cognitive skill is less (M is low). Her behavior is entirely governed by her emotion outside (C is high). Her interpersonal relationship seems to be poor (H and Hd is low). She tends to become hostile to them (perception of blood, aggressive, animals, sword, etc.). Her ego strength or reality orientation has declined to significant degree (F + % low) and her adaptive capacity is low (A% low), her emotional life is uncontrolled (Exp B is low and high) and Aff, Ratio is high. END 17 PROMINENT CHANGES BETWEEN THE DSM IV AND DSM-5 INCLUDE:  In the DSM-IV, substance use disorder was broken into two separate diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence. In the DSM-5, they combined these two diagnoses into one, to create a single diagnostic category of substance use disorder.  The substance use disorder criterions of legal problems from the DSM-IV were dropped in favor of cravings or a strong desire or urge to use a substance in the DSM-5.  In addition, three categories of disorder severity were formed, using the number of patient symptoms. Out of 11 potential symptoms, 2-3 symptoms are diagnosed as a mild substance use disorder, 4-5 symptoms as moderate, and 6 or more symptoms as a severe substance use disorder. In the DSM-IV, patients only needed one symptom present to be diagnosed with substance abuse, while the DSM-5 requires two or more symptoms in order to be diagnosed with substance use disorder.  The DSM-5 eliminated the physiological subtype and the diagnosis of polysubstance dependence. The DSM – 5 contains a section called “conditions for further study”. This section of book is not meant to be used to diagnose patients, examples include:  Persistent complex bereavement disorder.  Internet gaming disorder  Non-suicidal self-injury. DESCRIPTION The DSM was published in 1952, listing 102 broad categories of disorders. Each of these included a short list of symptoms, along with some information about suspected causes. The 1968 version contained 100 disorders, and in 1979, the third edition shifted away from psychoanalytic emphasis, contained over 200 diagnostic categories, and introduced the multi – axial system (Axis 1 to Axis 5).  Axis I - Clinical Disorders (including bipolar disorder).  Axis II - Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation.  Axis III - General Medical Conditions.  Axis IV - Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (stressors).  Axis V - Global Assessment of Functioning.  DSM – IV was first published in 1994, and a revised edition in 2000, called the DSM – IV –TR (though the “TR” or text revision, often wasn’t included in articles referencing the manual). While sticking with the Axis system, this edition broke diagnoses and symptoms down into section or “decision trees,” including which symptoms must be included for a diagnosis and which must not be present.  Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Test Revision. 20  Published by American Psychiatric Association.  Covers all mental disorders of adults and children. Changes in DSM -5 Published in 2013, the DSM – 5 makes many changes, some of them controversial, some not. The most obvious of these is that it’s called the DSM-5 instead of DSM –V. Switching from Roman to Arabic numerals means that, instead of using the cumbersome system in which the 2000 edition was called “DSM – IV – TR,” any revisions can now be called “DSM-5.1” etc. making things much clearer. Another significant change is that the Axis system has been dropped. Instead, there are 20 chapters containing categories of related disorders. "Bipolar and Related Disorders" is one such category. Other examples are:  Anxiety Disorders  Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders  Depressive Disorders  Feeding and Eating Disorders  Personality Disorders One of the controversies is that the DSM-5 reclassified Asperger's syndrome (AS) under autism spectrum disorder. Research reveals that, for people who had initially received this diagnosis, removing it is a "threat to their identity, social status, and access to Bipolar Disorder in the DSM- 5 Even though childhood bipolar disorder has been well-defined and used for many years, pediatric bipolar disorder is not a new diagnosis in the DSM-5. Instead, a category of depressive disorders has been added called disruptive mood deregulation disorder (DMDD). The driver for this was a concern that the diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder was being inconsistently and overly applied to different types of childhood irritability. For bipolar disorder under the DSM-5, there are now seven possible diagnoses:  Bipolar I Disorder  Bipolar II Disorder  Cyclothymic Disorder  Substance/Medication-Induced Bipolar and Related Disorder  Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition  Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorder  Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorder 7 BIGGEST CHANGES FROM DSM – IV to DSM -5 1. MODIFICATION OF ARTIFICICIAL CATEGORIZATION 21  No longer. With the release of DSM-5, this categorization has been simplified to clarify relationships between different disorders. 2. THE AUTISM SPECTRUM  In the DSM -5, four separately classified issues - that are unfortunately very common - have been unified under the header of autism spectrum disorder.  The previous categories of autism, Asperger’s, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder are no longer in use. 3. ELIMINATION OF CHILDHOOD BIPOLAR DISORDER  In response to an observed trend of harmful over – diagnosis and over – treatment of childhood bipolar disorder, the DSM-5 removes childhood bipolar disorder and replaces it with Disruptive Mood Deregulation Disorder (DMDD). 4. REVISIONS TO ADHD DIAGNOSIS  The new DSM – 5 broadens the ADHD diagnosis, allowing for adult – onset and relaxing the strictness of the criteria to more accurately reflect new research on this disorder. Given that adults have more developed brains and generally greater impulse control, adults can now be diagnosed with ADHD if they have fewer signs and symptoms than children do. 5. INCREASING DETAIL ON PTSD SYMPTOMS  Partly due to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, medical researchers have gained a great deal more insight into PTSD in the last 15 years. The DSM -5 reflects this increased understanding, adds nuance for children with PTSD, and describes four main types of symptoms:  Arousal  Avoidance  Flashback  Negative impacts on thought patterns and mood 6. Reclassification Of Dementia  In the DSM -5, both dementia and the category of memory / learning difficulties called amnestic disorders have been subsumed into a new category, Neurocognitive Disorder. 22 conferences, they held grand rounds at leading university medical center, and presented bills as well as papers at the annual meetings of the APA. DIMENSIONS OF MENTAL DISORDERS Clinicians continually catch depressed cases experiencing fear or cases of schizophrenia with varying chapters of impairment or a patient displaying symptoms of anxiety that could not be clearly marked as abnormal. DSM IV did not give crystal clear guidelines to categorize similar cases. Fear aggressions in a patient of depression invited two comorbid decisions. The longitudinal course specifies of schizophrenia in DSM IV or DSM IV TR did not easily separate symptom free case of schizophrenia from a patient experiencing blooming symptoms. A worried adolescent was again and again a characteristic dilemma. The dimensional passage of DSM 5 calibers consequence of separate symptoms. The dimensional model helps to grade and design the course of the affection. It hence differentiates normal from the abnormal. It can be used as a stuff to cover for psychological disorders in general population or be used as an instrument to conduct study of prevalence of psychological disorders in a given community. Multiple of the processes that were espoused while evolving the DSM 5 are extemporized performances of those of the former editions of DSM. Yet the DSM 5 is an indeed a unique primer. It includes issued American and global information on mental diseases. Where claimed, the DSM panels planned and administered especially designed researches in academic institutions and in clinical practice. The new knowledge accordingly gained during the planning of the primer from clinical practice within and outside the US was integrated in the text of the DSM 5. In a combined statement they said"… Looking forward, laying the foundation for a coming characteristic system that more directly reflects contemporary brain knowledge will require openness to readdressing traditional categories. It's increasingly apparent that cerebral illness will be best understood as disorders of brain structure and function that implicate specific disciplines of cognition, emotion, and gets". CONCLUSION DSM 5 indeed is a manual of the commonwealth of knowledge of the psychological disorders, by experts in the field of mental health and related professions, for the betterment of those involved with inner ailments including patients, clinicians, investigators, directors, insurance companies, and other stakeholders. It has kept the categorical model of DSM IV in big proportion. Some clinical conditions have been re- categorized. Dimensions of individual clinical condition are added. We will have to understand and apply them in our clinical practice ahead of meaningful debates on their connection. At this moment, one would readily concur with Dr. Jeffrey Liebermann and Dr. Thomas Inset that"…. on with the International Classification of Conditions, the DSM (5) represents the formal information nowadays available for clinical diagnosis of psychological disorders" and that the two publications" stick around the contemporary concurrency standard to how psychological disorders are diagnosed and acted. 25 END PRACTICAL 4 THE NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH SURVEY OF INDIA . AIM / OBJECTIVE:-  To understand how many Indian required mental health treatment and how much our government is allocating in this mental fitness zone.  Recognizing the need for good quality, scientific and reliable information for strengthening mental health policies and programmer.  To estimate the prevalence, socio-demographic correlates and treatment gap of mental morbidity in a representative population of India. INTRODUCTION :- Mental fitness and physical healthiness are closely joined. Mental health plays a healthy role in people’s ability to keep up well- grounded physical fitness. Mental complaints, such as depression and uneasiness, affect people’s capability to participate in fitness- upgrading behaviors. 26 Mental fitness includes our emotional, mental, and social well- being. It affects how we think, perceive, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make healthy choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from youth and nonage through maturity. Although the stints are constantly used interchangeably, poor mental health and mental illness are not the equal. A person can suffer poor internal health and not be diagnosed with a mental illness. Likewise, a person diagnosed with a mental illness can experience periods of physical, psychological, and social well- being. A challenge faced by multiple countries is to provide decent mortal resources for delivery of essential mental health interventions. The epidemic worldwide shortage of mortal resources for mental health, particularly in low- income and middle- income countries, is well established. Presently, we review the current state of mortal coffers for mental health, needs, and strategies for action. At present, mortal coffers for internal health in countries of low and middle income show a serious deficit that is likely to grow unless effective way is taken. Documentation suggests that mental health care can be delivered effectively in primary health- care settings, through community- based programmers and assignment- dislocating approaches. Non-specialist health professionals lay workers, affected individualities, and caregivers with compact training and appropriate supervision by mental health specialists are good to detect, diagnose, treat, and observer individualities with psychological disorders and reduce caregiver burden. We also discuss scale-up costs, mortal coffers operation, and leadership for mental health, particularly within the atmosphere of low- income and middle- income countries. DESCRIPTION Neurosis and stress related disorders affected women more where in males schizophrenia, alcohol dependency and bipolar condition were found more. Bangalore Shocking revelations observing mental health deterioration within the country has come out, as National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS) with the support of Health Ministry conducted a national mental health study closing out that13.7 of the Indian population, conforming nearly 150 million is suffering from depression which requires immediate intervention of mental health experts and government to stop the raising rates. The study was undertaken in 12 countries including Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Assam and Manipur. While, the investigators relied on “multi-stage, stratified, arbitrary cluster slice fashion, with arbitrary selection grounded on Probability Proportion to Size at each stage (MSRS-PPS)” The mental health related diseases like schizophrenia, bipolar complaint, substance use depression and severe depression even progressive to suicidal attempts were the most seen complaints in the review. It's also revealed that the health information systems of the country don't prioritize mental health and the mental health exertion at the state ranking and are also not information driven. The mental health programmers conducted have a low precedence on the 27 structure shops following which a state mental health systems report card with indicators was developed. CONCLUSION The procedure and robust method of data compilation enabled NMHS-MHSA to be a reliable and comprehensive system for assessing mental health systems at the state position. It’s featured that the assessment provides necessary motivation for strengthening mental health program and mental health systems in India. Existing less expedient intensive, low- and middle- income countries can take up NMHS-MHSA device and methodology to assess their mental health systems with contextual modifications. RESULT Substance Use conditions the nations chosen under NMHS-MHSA was different with respects to their socioeconomic and executive characteristics and are at different stages of development. The fitness systems especially availability of health establishments also varies across the states. The implementation of National Mental Health Program in India is primarily the responsibility of the state and is applied through the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) which was launched in 4 sections in 1996. Later slow and variable expansion of the program has been observed across the states. The wide variations in nature of health systems in general and mental health systems in particular provide the atmosphere for adopting the systems assessment methods described under NMHS-MHSA. The full results of NMHS-MHSA with account to the performance and advancement would be published later. SCOPE OF ASSESSMENT BENEATH NMHS-MHSA The primary focus of NMHS-MHSA was overall assessment of the psychological state systems at the state level. Secondly, systems assessment was undertaken in districts implementing DMHP within the NMHS surveyed states and therefore the purpose was to review the present status of implementation of DMHP. Finally, all the other districts not implementing DMHP at the time of study were additionally included for assessment. The assessment at 3 completely different but interconnected levels provided comprehensive information on the standing of psychological state systems at the state level. STUDY INSTRUMENT The adapted version of WHO-AIMS was utilized for information collection. Broadly, psychological state systems was assessed underneath ten completely different domains (including general data concerning the state, general health care facilities and resources, psychological state facilities and resources, management of psychological state problems, intra 30 and intersect oral collaboration, social welfare activities, engagement with civil society, Information-Education-Communication, psychological state indicators, monitoring and evaluation. Supporting psychological state programmes at the state level with relevant information for development of psychological state action arrange was one in every of the outcomes of NMHS- MHSA. Towards that and as highlighted previously, WHO-AIMS tool was fitly adapted. Firstly, instead of specializing in careful analysis of policy, legislation and action plan, NMHS-MHSA tool collected info on the presence and implementation standing of psychological state policy, legislation and action set up at the state level. Secondly, since psychological state systems are evolving in the country, queries relating to human rights problems with mentally affected individuals were limited as this was observed to be troublesome to assess. Thirdly, as elaborate data about select parameters of psychological state services (like service users categorization, variety of inpatients/outpatients by completely different health care facilities, kid and adolescent specific psychological state services etc.) are habitually not out there, NMHS-MHSA tool was developed to collect data on range of people utilizing services from psychological state care facilities within the state. Fourthly, with regard to mind-blowing drugs, WHO-AIMS tool collects data to estimate the proportion of health care facilities with convenience of mind- blowing medicine. However, the prevailing sources in Bharat India record such data and thence in NMHS-MHSA, programs managers and stakeholder’s perception concerning availableness of various mind-blowing medicines on a continual and uninterrupted basis at completely different levels of health system (primary hospital, sub-district hospital and district hospital) was collected. Finally data on mental state analysis isn't documented in any systematic manner at the state level and thence wasn't considered in NMHS- MHSA. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS The data sets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. ABBREVIATIONS MSUDs: Mental and substance use disorders DALYs: Disability adjusted life years LMICs: Lower and middle income countries NMHS: National Mental Health Survey 31 MHSA: Mental Health Systems Assessment NMHP: National Mental Health Program DMHP: District Mental Health Program NIMHANS: National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences NMHS-MHSA: National Mental Health Survey-Mental Health Systems Assessment WHO-AIMS: World Health Organization-Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems WHO: World Health Organization END PRACTICAL 5 CASE HISTORY AIM/ OBJECT : - This is important information in an objective diagnostic work-up. ... Taken by the patient that may influence the patient's psychological function. To understand a once personality private lives of his/her patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses. INTRODUCTION :- A case study is an in- depth study of one person, group, or circumstance. In a case study, closely every aspect of the subject's life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior. Case studies can be used in a variety of fields including psychology, cure, education, anthropology, political knowledge, and social work. The opportunity is that learning gained from studying one case can be generalized to numerous others. Unfortunately, case studies tend to be highly peculiar and it's sometimes delicate to generalize results to a larger population. While case studies focus on a single individuality or group, they follow a format that's correspondent to 32 However, they might even avoid taking baths or going to the beach because it reminds them too much of what happened. These avoidant behaviors can be debilitating, and those who are dealing with them are encouraged to seek professional trauma treatment.  MEMORY LOSS Traumatic events impact the brain’s functioning. While many people assume that this is due to a physical brain injury, it’s frequently a case of the body attempting to cope with what has happened. The hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex are strongly associated with stress and memory. When something traumatic happens, memory loss occurs as a natural defense mechanism. Without proper treatment, these memories may resurface at any time, resulting in significant distress.  NEGATIVE THOUGHTS ABOUT SELF AND THE WORLD People who have been through trauma see the world differently. They may feel hopeless and live with a “foreshortened future” – an inability to visualize future milestones or old age. It’s also common for them to see themselves in a bad light. One of the 17 symptoms of PTSD is a negative perception of the self and the world at large. Client-centered therapy seeks to build a person’s self-esteem after a traumatic incident, reassuring them that they are worthy of success and healing.  SELF-ISOLATION; FEELING DISTANT After something terrible happens, it’s difficult to connect with others. People with PTSD may have a hard time being around people for a few different reasons. These include potential triggers, as well as an inability to relate to their friends. If you have been through a traumatic event and feel like your loved ones just don’t understand, we encourage you to speak with a professional therapist who specializes in trauma treatment.  ANGER AND IRRITABILITY PTSD creates a state of hyper arousal. This means that the brain is kicked into a state of “fight or flight” at the slightest urging. Hyper arousal results in strong emotions like anger, as well as general irritability on a day-to-day basis. Those who have been traumatized may lash out at others, even if they don’t fully understand why.  Reduced Interest in Favorite Activities 35 Negative life events make it difficult to enjoy once-loved activities. The mood changes, sleeplessness and avoidance associated with PTSD mean that a person might feel unmotivated and uninterested in their work and hobbies.  Hyper vigilance After a traumatic event, the body enters a state of hyper vigilance. This increased alertness ensures that a person is always prepared for any other threats. However, this state of extreme awareness is exhausting and upsetting for trauma sufferers, making it among the most upsetting of the 17 symptoms of PTSD.  DIFFICULTY CONCENTRATING Hyper arousal and anxiety also take away one’s ability to concentrate. Individuals who have undergone a traumatic event struggle to readjust at work, home and school because their minds are often elsewhere  INSOMNIA Insomnia is another typical symptom of PTSD. To go to bed, a person has to let their guard down, which is especially difficult for hyper vigilant trauma sufferers. Additionally, the nightmares they may face at bedtime can make sleep an unattractive proposition. Many people who have experienced trauma struggle to sleep, and they may turn to alcohol or drugs in order to calm their minds. However, this approach can result in issues with substance use disorder.  VIVID FLASHBACKS Flashbacks are different from intrusive thoughts. Those who have flashbacks may feel as though the traumatic event is happening all over again. Memories can become so vivid that they seem to be happening in the current moment. This can cause people to panic, resulting a sudden, aggressive response. They may be triggered by something as subtle as someone’s cologne or a certain tone of voice. Those who have flashbacks are encouraged to ground themselves through the five senses – naming five things they can see can be a calming distraction.  AVOIDING PEOPLE, PLACES AND THINGS RELATED TO THE EVENT Any reminder of a traumatic event can catalyze a flashback. That’s why many trauma sufferers become reclusive, avoiding people, places and things related to what happened. While this may make sense on paper, this behavior can actually be problematic. “Just 36 trying not to think about it” is a coping mechanism that can actually worsen one’s symptoms over time.  CASTING BLAME Self-blame is especially common after a traumatic event. People with PTSD may blame themselves for what happened, especially if it resulted in the injury or death of a loved one. However, they may also assign blame to others who were associated with what happened. For example, after a boating accident, the traumatized person may point the finger at the driver of the boat. They might also assign blame themselves for not calling out or warning the driver in time.  DIFFICULTY FEELING POSITIVE EMOTIONS Anger, sadness and guilt are the emotions primarily associated with PTSD. However, this condition also dampens a person’s ability to regulate positive emotions. Researchers have found that victims of domestic violence struggle to engage in goal-directed actions, control impulsive behaviors and accept their positive emotions while in a good mood.  EXAGGERATED STARTLE RESPONSE A key aspect of hyper-vigilance is an exaggerated startle response. One of the 17 symptoms of PTSD is caused by the constant feeling of being “on guard.” A small noise may cause a victim of trauma to become jumpy.  RISKY BEHAVIORS Finally, risky behaviors are especially common among those who have undergone trauma. Individuals with a high number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), for example, are more likely to try substances at a younger age and to develop an addiction. Combat veterans fall into this category too – they have higher levels of addiction than the general population. Risky behaviors can include drug abuse, alcoholism, unsafe sex, high-adrenaline activities and behavioral addictions (gambling, shopping, etc.). Those who are coping with their trauma through “compulsive comfort-seeking” should seek professional treatment as soon as possible. 37 REFERENCES  https://div12.org/diagnosis/posttraumatic-stress-disorder  https://openpsychometrics.org  https://bigfive-test.com  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits  https://www.rorschach.org  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorschach_test  https://openpsychometrics.org/tests 40  https://psychiatry.msu.edu/_files/docs/Changes-From-DSM-IV- TR-to-DSM-5.pdf  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-international-journal-clinical- health-psychology-355-articulo-from-dsm-iv-tr-dsm-5  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5  http://indianmhs.nimhans.ac.in/Docs/Summary.pdf  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/  https://europepmc.org/article  https://www.verywellmind.com 41