Download Network Protocols and Architecture: Solved Midterm Questions and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
NET256 MIDTERM with verified
solutions already graded A+
Q: What is a Network? State its advantages and disadvantages. , - answer A: A network is a group of interconnected devices that can communicate and share resources. The advantages of a network include the ability to share resources such as printers and files, improved communication and collaboration, increased productivity, and reduced costs. Disadvantages include security risks, the need for specialized knowledge to set up and manage the network, and the potential for network congestion. Q: Explain how many ways to classify networks? - answer A: Networks can be classified based on their size, topology, and protocol. Based on size, networks can be classified as Local Area Networks (LANs), Wide Area Networks (WANs), and Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). Based on topology, networks can be classified as bus, ring, star, mesh, and tree. Based on protocol, networks can be classified as Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Q: Define protocol? - answer A: A protocol is a set of rules that govern the communication between two or more devices. Protocols define the format of messages exchanged, the timing of messages, and the actions taken after sending or receiving a message. Q: What is circuit and packet Switching? - answer A: Circuit switching is a communication method where a dedicated physical path is established between two devices for the duration of the communication. Packet switching is a communication method where data is divided into packets and sent over a shared network. In packet switching, each packet can take a different path to reach its destination.
Q: What is Multiplexing? - answer A: Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple data streams into a single stream for transmission over a shared medium. Multiplexing can be accomplished using techniques such as Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), and Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). Q: What are OSI/TCP/IP protocol stack layers, their function, and PDUs? - answer A: The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) and TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol stack layers are a set of standardized protocols that define how data is transmitted over a network. The OSI model consists of seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and Application. Each layer has a specific function, and data is encapsulated in Protocol Data Units (PDUs) at each layer as it is transmitted through the network. Q: What is the process of encapsulation? - answer A: Encapsulation is the process of adding headers and trailers to data as it moves down the protocol stack. Each layer in the protocol stack adds its own header and trailer to the data, creating a new PDU. The PDU from one layer becomes the data for the layer below it. This process continues until the data reaches the Physical layer, where it is transmitted over the network. Q: What are possible architectures of applications? - answer A: Applications can be based on a client-server architecture, where the client requests services from the server, or a peer-to-peer architecture, where each device can act as both a client and a server. Q: What is the process, and how two processes communicate in different hosts and within the same host? - answer A: A process is a program that is running on a device and communicating over a network. Two processes communicate in different hosts by sending messages over the network using their network addresses. Within the same host, processes communicate using
Q: What are the services of the transport layer? - answer A: The transport layer provides services such as data segmentation, error control, flow control, and congestion control. Q: What are the types of data deliveries at transport, network, and data link layer? - answer A: At the transport layer, data can be delivered either in order or out of order. At the network layer, data can be delivered either with a guaranteed delivery or with a best effort delivery. At the data link layer, data is delivered with a guaranteed delivery. Q: Why an application chooses TCP or UDP? - answer A: An application chooses TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for reliable data transfer, flow control, and congestion control, while an application chooses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) for faster data transfer with no guaranteed delivery or error checking. Q: What is a socket? Define source and destination port. - answer A: A socket is an endpoint for communication between two devices over a network. A source port is a port number used by the sending device to identify the source of the data, while a destination port is a port number used by the receiving device to identify the intended application for the data. Q: Explain UDP? - answer A: UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a transport layer protocol used for fast and unreliable data transfer over a network. UDP does not provide error checking, flow control, or congestion control and is often used for real-time applications such as video streaming and online gaming. Q: Explain TCP? - answer A: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a transport layer protocol used for reliable data transfer over a network. TCP provides error checking, flow control, and congestion control and is often used for applications such as file transfer and email.
Q: What is flow control? - answer A: Flow control is a mechanism used to regulate the amount of data sent by a sender to a receiver to prevent data loss and congestion. Flow control can be accomplished using techniques such as sliding window and stop-and-wait. Q: What is congestion control? - answer A: Congestion control is a mechanism used to manage the amount of data transmitted on a network to prevent network congestion. Congestion control can be accomplished using techniques such as congestion avoidance and congestion control algorithms such as TCP's congestion control algorithm. Q: Explain network layer functions? - answer A: The network layer is responsible for routing data packets from the source device to the destination device across multiple networks. The network layer performs functions such as addressing, routing, and fragmentation. Q: Discuss IPV4 header fields? - answer A: The IPV4 header includes fields such as Version, IHL (Internet Header Length), Type of Service, Total Length, Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset, Time to Live (TTL), Protocol, Header Checksum, Source IP Address, and Destination IP Address. These fields are used to identify the source and destination of the data, set routing information, and handle fragmentation and reassembly of data packets.
