network theory assignment, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Network Theory

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International School of Management and Technology

Gairigaun Tinkune Kathmandu

Samjhana Thapa (HND/first semester)

Contents

TASK1/P

Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards. Introduction In this task, I am going to describe about different types of network system. According to this task requirements I will also considering about the different types as peer based, client- server, cloud, cluster, centralized, virtualized, etc. Also going to writing about benefits and constraint of each network systems. I am going to shortly defining about the conceptual models as OSI model, TCP/IP model and the standard as IEEE, 802.X. Peer to peer network system The "peers" are computer systems which are connected to each other through the Internet. Files can be shared directly between systems on the network without the need of, a central server. An Internet connection and P2P software requires only a computer to join a peer-to-peer network (Neagu, 2017). Kazaa, Limewire, BearShare, Morpheus, and Acquisition are includes as common P2P software programs. When two or more PCs are connected and share resources without going through a separate server computer a peer-to-peer network is created. Benefits of peer-to-peer network  It is easier to set up and this network is less expensive  No technical knowledge is required because set up is done through wizards within software  In this network there is Less network traffic than client-server, no dependence on a single server  Networking operating system does not need in this network. Constraints of peer-to-peer networks  In each computers user have to use separate passwords in this network.  To manage and control the access of data there is no centralized server is available.  Because each computer as it may be being retrieve by others it can slow down the performance for the user Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

 There is little or no security as well the permissions. Users don't need to log onto their workstation. Client server network This network is designed for end-users which is called clients , to approach resources such as video collections, songs, files or some other service from a centralized computer called a server. Benefits of client server  Client server network has the centralized control .i.e, centralized user accounts, security, and access to simplify network administration.  Accessibility: in this network there is various platforms, server can be accessed remotely.  Highly secured network.  Back-up and recovery possible: If data is lost in some case, it can be recovered efficiently and easily. Constraints of client server  It is expensive to manage and install.  There is lots of network traffic congestion, overload can lead to breaking-down of servers.  It required professional IT people to maintain the servers and other technical details of network.  Lots of disruption may occur when any part of the network fails down. Cloud Network Cloud networking is the utilization or sourcing of one or more network services and resources from the cloud (Mitchell, 2018). It is the unpredictable part of any network along which data passes between two end points. Cloud network resources are hosted on a hybrid, public or private cloud platform Benefits of Cloud network Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

 This Server usually requires hardware and more servers to monitor and manage. Thus it increase the infrastructure.  Cluster server cost is high comparing to a non-clustered server, it needs a good hardware and a design. Centralized network Centralized network is the type of network where all users connect to a central server. And this server would store both the user account information and the communications. Benefits of Centralized network  Centralized network is not emphasize on more machines and hardware so, it processing helps to reducing the cost.  Better data security provided by centralized processing.  In centralized processing system the processing is consistent.  The information system are independent on the data and the program. Constraints of Centralized network  The central information system required large data storage.  It will reduce local responsibility.  Chances of high traffic and it cause input/output restriction.  It costs high in transmitting transactions. Virtualized network It is a method of combining the available resources in a network by separating the available bandwidth into channels, and each channel is independently secured. The hardware and software network resources and network functionality are combining by this virtualized process into a single, software-based administrative entity, a virtual network. Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

Benefits of Virtualized network  It is low-cost.  It reduces the work pressure.  It provides digital dealer.  It keeps costs calculable. Constraints of Virtualized network  Virtualized network creates a security risk.  It takes time to generate the desired result, because there are extra steps that must be followed.  Virtualized network requires several links in a chain that must work together unitedly.  It creates an availability issue, there is no ability to stay connected in one’s control with virtualization. OSI model OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is a logical and conceptual layout that defines network communication used by systems open to communication and interconnection with other systems. And the model is broken into seven subcomponents, or layers, each of which represents a collection of services provided to the layers above and below it. An effectively and logical network describes computer packet transfer by using different layer protocols. Benefits of OSI model  OSI model is a truly generic model. And it is considered as accepted model in computer networking.  Connection-oriented services and connectionless services both are supported by OSI model.  Different types of network hardware and software are allowed to communicate.  OSI model is adaptable and more secure than having all services bundled in a single layer. Constraints of OSI model Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

 TCP/IP model is not optimized for small networks like LAN (local area network) and PAN (personal area network) because it was originally designed and implemented for wide area networks. IEEE 802.1x IEEE 802.1X is a standard component of the IEEE 802.11 network protocol group established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). IEEE 802.1X adheres to IEEE 802. protocols to enhance wireless network security. It applies traffic policies based on user identity and credentials and controls access to wireless or virtual local area networks (VLAN). IEEE 802.1x standard set that covers the physical and data link layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. IEEE 802.1X defines standards and protocols for metropolitan area networks (MAN), wired local area networks (WLAN) and wireless networks which defines the characteristics, operating procedures, protocols and services for networks that carry variable sized packets and specifies the development and handling of compatible devices and equipment. Benefits of IEEE 802.1x  Installation of IEEE 802.1 is easy.  IEEE 802.1 has highly frequency range.  It is not more expensive because it reduces the wiring expense  IEEE 802.1 unlicensed part of the radio spectrum. Constraints of IEEE 802.1x  It has traffic problems  IEEE 802.1 has unauthorized uses  The IEEE 802.1 required periodic maintenance  The maintenance and network security needed to stay secured Conclusion In this task I have discussed about different types of network with benefits as well as constraints. I have explained about the importance of network in life or work. Network connects one computer to another which makes our every work easier and convenient. Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

Task/P Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements. Introduction According to this task requirements I am going to explaining about the different types of topologies with its impact. I’m going to write a definitions of bus topology, tree topology, star topology, ring topology, mesh topology with suitable pictures. Types of topology Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

proximity in the ring structure. Other pairs of nodes are indirectly connected but adjacent pairs of nodes are directly connected, the data passing through one or more intermediate nodes. Because the messages are passed to each device in the ring that’s why ring topology may also be called an active topology. Each networked devices are connected to two others, like points on a circle. The packets of data travel from one device to the next in ring topology until they reach their destination. The ring topologies which allow packets to travel only in one direction, called a unidirectional ring network and the others permit data to move in either direction, called bidirectional. The performance of network do not affected by additional components. In ring topology, each computer has equal access to resources. Impact of ring topology All data being transferred over the network must pass through all the computers between source and destination which makes ring topology slower than Star topology. The entire network gets affected if any one workstation or port goes down. In ring topology needs the hardware to connect each workstation to the network which is more expensive than Ethernet cards and hubs/switches.

3. Star topology Star topology is the most commonly used network topology where each individual piece of a network is attached to a central node (often called a hub or switch), it is also known as a star network. In star topology, if nodes (often called a hub or switch), want to communicate with a central node, then they pass on the message to the central server and the central server forwards their messages to the different nodes.. The central component is visually represented in a form similar to a star. A star network, star topology is one of the most common network setups. The peripheral devices act

as clients and the central network device acts as a server. Depending on the type of network

card used in each computer of the star topology, a coaxial cable or a RJ-45 network cable is used to

connect computers together. It centralized the network management, through the use of the central hub, computer, or switch. In star topology it’s easy to add another computer to the network. The network of one computer fails, the rest of the network continues to function normally. Impact of star topology Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

If there is a break/ problem in the central computer or cable the entire network shuts down and all computers are disconnected from the network. Especially when using a switch or router as the central network device, it can cost higher to implement. Each computer individually connects to the central server so, it requires more cables to be connected if single point of failure in case the server get down. It also require terminators at both ends of the backbone cable. In star topology, it’s Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

4. Tree topology A tree topology derives its roots from bus and star topology that includes at least three specific levels in a topology hierarchy (Caleb, 2018). Even though a tree topology is not so commonly used network topology, it is still followed in certain circumstances when scalability or hierarchical communication setup which are valued for their scalability and accessibility for troubleshooting. In tree topology, nodes of the underlying bus network topology are replaced with a complete star topology. It is scalable as leaf nodes can accommodate more nodes in the hierarchical chain and easier maintenance and fault finding. If one of them gets damaged the other hierarchical networks are not affected. The configuration of computers, cables, and other peripherals referred the physical topology of a network. The method used to pass information between workstations the physical topology should not be confused with logical topology. There is Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. It is

supported by several hardware and software venders.

Impact of tree topology Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used if the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down. It is more difficult to wire and configure than other topologies. Huge cabling and a lot of maintenance is needed in this topology. The maintenance becomes difficult because as more and more nodes and segments are added in star topology. The Scalability of the network depends on the type of cable used.

5. Mesh topology Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

In this task I have discussed about the types of topologies with its impact. Network topologies are required to transfer data between computers with in the same network and in the small organization with in the offices. Task4/P Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types. Introduction In this task I will discuss about the servers and the operating principles of networking devices. Server, hub, router, switch, multilayer switch, firewalls, HIDS, repeater, bridges, wireless devices, access point (wireless/wired), content filter, load balancer, modem, packet shaper, VPN concentrator these are the following networking device, and I’m going to define. Server Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

A server is a program, a computer or a device that accepts and responds to requests made by another program, known as a client. In another word whenever the computers share resources with client machines they are considered servers (Beal, 2018). There are a different types of servers, including print servers, file servers, network servers and database servers. Servers are used for a lot of reasons, for hosting websites for data collection and transmission and other web client applications such as video games, and streaming. They are used to manage network resources for example, a user may set up a server to control access to a network, send/receive e-mail, manage print jobs, or host a website. Some of the servers are committed to a specific task, often referred to as dedicated. Although, in the case of a web server many servers today are shared servers which can take on the responsibility of e- mail, DNS, FTP, and even multiple websites. Servers are easy to maintain and you can replace, repair, upgrade, or even move a server, while customers will not be affected or minimally affect by that change. This independence of the changes is also known as encapsulation. Web server A web server is a server equipped with HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) which is responsible for hosting website files and serve it up through a web browser with a unique domain name that serves web pages in response to requests submitted by clients. When you type any domain name your browser is connected to server, and it is a web server that's delivering this page and any images you see on it. The client program, in this case, is Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

the database architecture. Non-relational databases, Relational databases, flat files, all these architectures can be accommodated on database servers. Many companies and organizations utilize a database server for storage. Users can access the data by executing a query using a query language specific to the database. For example, SQL is a good example of a query language. Following are the basic elements of a database server template are name, type, hostname, port, username and password etc. Virtualization The process of running a virtual instance of a computer system in a layer abstracted from the actual hardware, it refers to the creation of a virtual resource such as a server, operating system (OS), desktop, network, file or storage. The main goal is to manage workloads by radically transforming traditional computing to make it more scalable. It has been a part of the IT landscape for decades now, and today virtualization can be applied to a wide range of system layers, including hardware-level virtualization, server virtualization and operating system-level virtualization. Print server A print server is a software application, network device or computer that can process print-related jobs on a network of computers. They are used in both small enterprise and large or home office (SOHO) networks. It has a dedicated printer connected to it which is accessible by other clients through it on the same network. On same the network other clients with no local printer, can print work to this printer through this print server. It allows users to perform a printing without having move files to the computer connected directly to the printer in a computer network. The server is a feature or a service on another device such as a router or wireless access point. A print server avoids having to move files to a computer that is the only way to reach a printer that's Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)

connected directly to it. Some printers, like GDI printers, use proprietary commands which make them unusable by print servers. Hub A hub is a hardware device in the context of networking that relays communication data and sends data packets (frames) to all devices which connect segments of a LAN (local area network) and may contain multiple ports an interface for connecting network devices such as printers, storage devices, workstations and servers. A Hubs serve as a central connection for all of your network equipment and handles a data type known as frames. A hub works as a repeater and performs broadcast, that receive data from 1 port and forward that to All the ports. With having all information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks but it can detect basic network errors such as collisions. Switch In a network, it is a device that channels incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take it toward its intended destination. In the context of networking switch is a high-speed device that receives incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take it toward its intended destination on a local area network (LAN). Switches are the traffic cops of a simple local area network. There are several types of switches in networking in addition to physical devices such as Virtual switches are software-only switches instantiated inside virtual machine (VM) and another is a routing switch connects LANs in addition to doing MAC-based Layer 2 switching it can also perform routing functions at OSI the network layer (Layer 3) directing traffic based on the Internet Protocol (IP) address in each packet. Network hubs were popular in the past because they were cheaper than a switch or router. but Now a days people uses switches more less hub because switches do not cost much more than a hub and they are a much better solution for any network. Samjhana Thapa (HND / First Semester)