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NOCTI Pre-Engineering Study guide latest update What are the major engineering fields? Civil Mechanical Electrical Aerospace Structural What major functions do engineers perform?
- Research- making new discoveries and finding uses
- Development- production of a functional device/ process
- Design- optimizing/ making it easier to produce/ improving performance
- Production/Testing- mass production + quality control
- Construction- Production on a site
- Operations- managing facilities and networks
- Sales- consumer creator link, creating a market
- Management- using background for managing
- Consulting- solving problems What type of eduction is required to be an engineer?
- Bachelors degree at a credited school (ABET or CAEB)
- Exams- Fundamentals of Engineering test- Engineering in Training (EIT)
- Practice for 4 years- principles and practice exam- licensed engineer What important ethics are related to engineering situations? Engineers use knowledge and skill for the advancement of human welfare. They need to be honest and impartial, upholding the reputation of the engineering profession. Who do engineering interact with? (Other technical personnels on the job) Engineers Scientists Technologists Technicians Craftsmen What are some important milestones that have occurred during the progression of the engineering field? Henry Fords assembly line Wright brother's first flight Thomas Edison's light bulb Robert Goddards' liquid fuel rockets
What are the important principles of the problem solving process? identification of a need, problem definition, researching, constraint, criteria, alternative solutions, analysis What are the steps in the design process? Identify the need, research and gathering info, develop solution (alternative solutions), choose a solution (analysis), construct a prototype, test and evaluate How to analyze solution/ identifying strengths and weaknesses? Efficiency Cost Safety Functionality Availability of materials Durability Scalability Cultural appropriateness How to develop details of a solution? Research Scale models Computer-based simulaitons Orthographic, Isometric, CADD drawings and renderings Mock-ups - 3D model, not functional Prototypes - first functional product or process Testing Revising How to develop, test, and redesign prototypes? Test for safety and durability Test for efficiency How to explain components of set up, machining, casting, molding, welding, and finishing? Turning- lathe Milling- makes square objects Casting- liquid solidifying in a mold Welding- arc, spot, gas (TIG, MIG) Undercutting- welding reduces cross-sectional strength Finishing- grinding, sanding, painting, sealing How to identify and use common hand tools Straight edge- ruler VIC (vernier caliper)- measures inside/outside distances
Operations Storage Transportation/Delays Inspection What are the attributes of common materials? Ferrous- high weight/ lower conductivity/ easily corrodible/ magnetic Non Ferrous- malleable/ high conductivity How to make an oral presentation? Practice Don't read from slides Speak to the audience Touch, turn , and talk Be aware of your body language, stay open, no juggling or other distracting motions How to interpret aspects and/or types of engineering drawings and plans? Elevation view- from the side of the structure or object Plan view- bird's eye view Isometric drawings-an angled view showing 3 sides of the object Orthographic drawings-several views of objects on different sides Dimensions/ line drawings How to express data in tables, graphs, and charts? Bar graph- Qualitative Histogram- Quantitative Snakey diagram-Describes flows in a system How to contribute to a team project? Practice timely and frequent constructive communication and active listening Have a common goal and vision Create and nurture a good team Actively volunteer to do parts of the project How to follow appropriate personal safety procedures? Need to know and learn safety rules Then follow them consistently What role of OSHA is in the technical workplace? Occupational Safety and Health Administration Ensures safety standards are in place and followed How to use appropriate safety equipment?
Eye and ear protection Safety shoes Masks Hazardous material storage and labeling How electrical safety decries function? Circuit breaker- to switch a circuit off, asurge protector, when it gets excess current it redirects the excess current to ground, can be reset How to solve problems using vectoring to identify forces? Break down forces at an angle into X -Y components using SOH CAH TOA (trig functions) Add up forces in the X and Y directions (subtract negative components). Recombine the X and Y components with SOHCAH TOA Find the directions with the inverse TAN function. How to calculate and describe the effect of resistance? Resistance is how much current flow is obstructed in a wire. Usually due to thickness, length, temperature, and material properties. Use Ohms law, in the form Resistance = Voltage/Current, R=V/I How to apply Ohms law, Power (Watts) law, and Kirchoffs' law? Ohms law: Voltage=Current x Resistance, V=IR Power or Watts Law: Power= Current x Voltage, P=IV Kirchhoff's first rule-the junction rule: The sum of all currents entering a junction must equal the sum of all currents leaving the junction. Kirchhoff's second rule—the loop rule: The sum of changes in voltage around any closed circuit path (loop) must be zero. How does AC and DC systems work and differ? DC current- Charge flows in the same direction AC current- Charge wiggles back and forth 60 times a second (Hertz,Hz) in the US and 50Hz in Europe How to identify what causes resistance in a fluid system? Smoother internal diameter (ID) of a pipe The ID of the pipe Length of a pipe The number of bends, curves, and reductions How hydraulic and pneumatic systems work? Pumps, Valves, Motors, Cylinders Hydraulic motor- generates fluid power by being a pressure source Pneumatic - pressurized fluid is a gas (can be compressed) Hydraulic - pressurized fluid is a liquid (incompressible)
Capacitors- store energy with an electric field between two charged surfaces that are close together Inductors- store energy with a magnetic field in a coiled conductor Capacitors resist changes in voltage and current does not pass through them ; inductors resist changes in current and conduct. Capacitors work best at high frequencies and inductors work best at low frequencies; they can be combined to filter out unwanted signals or frequencies and are commonly used as energy storage devices. How to identify electrical components and their functions? Terminals and Connectors : Components to make electrical connections. Resistors : Components used to resist current. Switches : Components that may be made to either conduct ( closed ) or not ( open ). Capacitors : Components that store electrical charge in an electrical field. Magnetic or Inductive Components : These are Electrical components that use magnetism. Network Components : Components that use more than 1 type of Passive Component. Piezoelectric devices, crystals, resonators : Passive components that use the piezoelectric effect to create oscillating signals and sense force. Semiconductors : Electronic control parts with no moving parts forming the base material of different components. Diodes : Components that conduct electricity in only one direction. Transistors : A semiconductor device capable of amplification, switching, and creating logic. Integrated Circuits or ICs : A microelectronic computer circuit incorporated into a chip or semiconductor; a whole system rather than a single component.
