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aa \wlidelebebebebebdel bob fd ddd ba dd dd ‘INTRODUCTION TO LINUX’ Definition: Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix that manages computer hardware and software resources. - Open source (free to use and modify) - Multi-user (multiple users can use it at the same time (runs multiple programs simultaneously’ - Secure and stable Examples of Linux Distributions: i. Vee ee | 4. Kal Example: Wy rerrAk i smarTrpnones Linux is widely used in server (Android), and systems. cloud Diagram: Linux System Architecture f User Applications | Kernel Gf _ Hardware | Root Directory (/): The tor Important Directories: / /etc — configuration files /bin — essential commands — logs and variable data /home — user files Example: /home/user/documents/f Diagram: Hierarchical File Structure a /bin | [/etc | | /var } |/home| na /user /documents L y file.txt | | notes.txt| Page 2 en - be -) —}—+1— + = A ak 1 i rw-r--r-- means owner Page 4 ‘FILE PERMISSIONS IN LINUX’ Definition: File permissions control who can read, write, or execute a file. Types: - r (read) . > (write) * x (execute) Users: * Owner can read/write, others can only read. Command: chmod to c nange permissions Diagram: Permission Structure Owner 5 Group aaa OO FN Me ch ae ‘PROCESS MANAGEMENT’ Definition: A process is a running progran Linux. Commands: Concepts: e Foreground processes ¢ Background _ processes Example: Running a program and stopping it using kill command Diagram: Process Lifecycle Flow Process oie ee oa punning | Page 7 ‘PACKAGE MANAGEMENT’ Definition: Package management is used to install, update, and software in Linux. APT (Debian/Ubuntu): sudo apt update — updates package list sudo apt install package_name — installs software YUM (RedHat): yum install package_name Example: Installing a or text editor using apt Explanation: Package managers handle dependencies automatically. They check if a program requires other files and fetch them without user intervention. Diagram: Package Management Flow User command L Package Manager _| | __ Internet Repository SS |__Installed Software _| > ——s —_ ‘USERS AND GROUPS’ Definition: ers, each with 1. adduser — create new user passwd — set password Page g Diagram: User: Sarah ~ User: John (UID 1001) (UID 1002 | Shared Sales Group (GID 200 Shared File & Folder Access permissions Page 4 ‘NETWORKING COMMANDS’ e Definition: Networking commands are used to manage and troubleshoot network connections. Commands: - ping > tests eer SRD — shows active connections - ssh > connects to rama systems Example: ping google.com to check internet connection. Explanation: Briefl explain how these commands help diagnose These cmamenth help verify connectivity, reveal network details, list open connections, and allow secure remote management. Diagram: Network Communication a Your Computer | RESPONSE REQUEST (ping google.com) Page 10 ‘BASH SCRIPTING BASICS’ Definition: Script Structure: #!/bin/bash ‘echo "Hello World" conditions (if statements) Example: A script that prints a message Explanation: Scripts significantly save time by automat repetitive tasks, alone users to perform complex series of commands with a single execution reducing human error and increasing efficiency Ing Diagram: Execution Flow Script file ase | Execution L Output 
