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Thyroid Disorders and Diabetes Management: Concise Medical Notes, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Nursing

Virginia State University (VSU)Nursing

A concise overview of thyroid hormones, hypothyroidism, graves' disease, and diabetes management. It covers key aspects such as hormone functions, causes and treatments of thyroid disorders, and interventions for diabetes, including insulin regimens and exercise. The document also addresses electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, along with their respective nursing interventions. It is a useful resource for students and healthcare professionals seeking a quick review of these topics, offering practical insights into patient care and monitoring. This document also covers cushing syndrome and risk for dehydration.

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NSG 320 Exam 1 Study Notes

1. In respiratory alkalosis: - pH is high and PaCO2 is low

-Caused by:

*HYPERVENTILATION

*Hypoxemia from acute pulmonary disorders

*Pain

*Fear/anxiety

*Salicylate or Nicotine overdose

*Increased metabolism

-Compensation rarely occurs due to aggressive treatment for hypoxemia

2. In respiratory acidosis: "When you're on acid, you're relaxing and HYPOventi- lating"

-pH is low and PaCO2 is high

-Caused by:

*HYPOVENTILATION

*Respiratory failure

*Asthma attacks

Discover Study Guides, Projects, Research of Nursing Virginia State University (VSU)

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Download Thyroid Disorders and Diabetes Management: Concise Medical Notes and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

NSG 320 Exam 1 Study Notes

1. In respiratory alkalosis: - pH is high and PaCO2 is low

- Caused by:

* HYPERVENTILATION

* Hypoxemia from acute pulmonary disorders

* Pain

* Fear/anxiety

* Salicylate or Nicotine overdose

* Increased metabolism

- Compensation rarely occurs due to aggressive treatment for hypoxemia

2. In respiratory acidosis: "When you're on acid, you're relaxing and HYPOventi- lating"

- pH is low and PaCO2 is high

- Caused by:

* HYPOVENTILATION

* Respiratory failure

* Asthma attacks

* COPD

* Chest injury or trauma

* Pulmonary edema

* Fasting/starving

* Cardiac arrest

* Sepsis

*Trauma

* Seizures

* Renal failure

* Severe diarrhea

Compensation may occur during exhaling increase CO

5. Normal values for ABG: - pH: 7.35 - 7.

PaCO2: 35 - 45 mm Hg
HCO3 (Bicarbonate): 22 - 26 mEq/:
PaO2: 80 - 100 mm HG
SaO2: >95%
Base excess: +/- 2.0 meQ/L

6. Thyroid hormones: - TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone

T3: Triiodothyronine hormone
T4: Thyroxine hormone

7. Euthyroid: - Normal functioning thyroid

Thyroid cannot make T3+T4 WITHOUT iodine

9. Primary hypothyroidism: - Caused by destruction of thyroid tissue or defective hormone synthesis

Most common cause is atrophy to thyroid gland which can be caused by Hashimo- to's thyroiditis or Graves' disease

10. Secondary hypothyroidism: - Caused by pituitary disease TSH secretion or

hypothalamic dysfunction with decreased-releasing hormone (TRH) secretion

11. Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism: - Slow and low

Decreased body processes
Decreased cardiac contractility and output
Increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Anemia

12. Diagnostic studies consistent with hypothyroidism: - TSH higher than 4.

13. Interprofessional mgmt for hypothyroidism: - Thyroid replacement

Monitor for CV disease
Monitor HR, report higher than 100 BMP
Monitor for chest pain, weight loss, nervousness, tremors, and/or insomnia
Monitor thyroid levels and adjust dosage
Nutrition therapy for weight loss

Patient and caregiver teaching

* Comply with lifelong thyroid therapy

16. Hyperthyroidism: - Hyperactivity of the thyroid gland with sustained increase in synthesis and release

of thyroid hormones

Causes:

* Graves' disease

*Toxic nodular goiter

*Thyroiditis

* Excess iodine intake

* Pituitary tumors

*Thyroid cancer

17. Graves' disease: - An autoimmune disease of unknown etiology characterized by diffuse

thyroid enlargement and excess thyroid hormone secretion

May present with myasthenia gravis, DM, celiac disease, and pernicious anemia
Precipitating factors:

* Insufficient iodine supply

* Cigarette smoking

* Infection

* Stressful life events may interact with genetic factors

Hereditary

18. Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism: - Goiter (enlarged thyroid)

Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs)

* May cause corneal ulcers or loss of vision.

* Changes in the ocular muscles may result in muscle weakness causing diplopia

Early signs are weight loss and increased nervousness
Directly increases metabolism and tissue sensitivity to stimulation by the sympa- thetic nervous system

19. RAIU: - Used to distinguish Graves' disease from other forms of thyroiditis

20. Pathophysiology for goiter: - Antibodies bind to TSH and cause thyroid gland to overproduce T3 & T

However, goiter can be exhibited with hypothyroidism as well

21. Exophthalmos: - Forward protrusion of the eyes

Caused by inflammation byproducts accumulating in the retro-orbital tissues
Occurs in 1/
Can be unilateral
Accompanied by blurred vision, diplopia, pain, tearing, and photophobia
Resulting inability to close eyes completely increases risk of corneal dryness, irritation, infection and ulceration
Ocular muscle involvement can lead to paralysis of eyes

Usually not reversible

22. propylthiouracil (PTU) or methimazole (Tapazole): - Initial antithyroid therapy

Prevents formulation of thyroid hormones by inhibiting thyroid binding of iodine

Inhibits release of thyroid hormones
Side effects include depression, tremors, diabetes insipidus,

Drink plenty of fluids
Monitor for wt gain, slow HR, and cold intolerance

26. Radioactive iodine therapy (RAI): - Thyroid gland picks up the local radiation, which destroys

some of the cells that produce thyroid hormone

Not used in pregnancy
Encourage fluids as RAI is excreted through kidneys
May take 6-8 weeks for full symptom relief
Hypothyroidism major side effect

27. Pre DM: - Impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, or both

Typically occurs before DM 2
Typically do not have any symptoms
Education VITAL so pt does not develop type 2 DM

* Undergo screening

* Manage risk factors

* Monitor for symptoms of DM

* Maintain healthy weight, exercise, and diet

28. Metabolic syndrome: - Common condition that places patients at risk for pre DM

* Abdominal obesity

* Hyperglycemia fasting of more than 100

* Hypertension 130/

* Hyperlipidemia trig more than 150 HDL less than 40- 50

29. Type 1 DM: - Formerly known as juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent

Accounts for 5-10% of people
Affects people under age of 40, but can occur at any age
Osmotic effect of glucose products the manifestations of polydipsia and polyuria

30. Clinical manifestations for type 1 DM: - CLASSIC SYMPTOMS:

* Polyuria

* Polydipsia

* Polyphagia

Weight loss
Weakness
Fatigue
Rapid onset
Insulin dependent

Familial tendency
Peak incidence between 10 to 15 years

Thyroid Disorders and Diabetes Management: Concise Medical Notes, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Nursing

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Thyroid Disorders and Diabetes Management: Concise Medical Notes and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

NSG 320 Exam 1 Study Notes

1. In respiratory alkalosis: - pH is high and PaCO2 is low

- Caused by:

* HYPERVENTILATION

* Hypoxemia from acute pulmonary disorders

* Pain

* Fear/anxiety

* Salicylate or Nicotine overdose

* Increased metabolism

- Compensation rarely occurs due to aggressive treatment for hypoxemia

2. In respiratory acidosis: "When you're on acid, you're relaxing and HYPOventi- lating"

- pH is low and PaCO2 is high

- Caused by:

* HYPOVENTILATION

* Respiratory failure

* Asthma attacks

* COPD

* Chest injury or trauma

* Pulmonary edema

* Fasting/starving

* Cardiac arrest

* Sepsis

*Trauma

* Seizures

* Renal failure

* Severe diarrhea

5. Normal values for ABG: - pH: 7.35 - 7.

6. Thyroid hormones: - TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone

7. Euthyroid: - Normal functioning thyroid

9. Primary hypothyroidism: - Caused by destruction of thyroid tissue or defective hormone synthesis

10. Secondary hypothyroidism: - Caused by pituitary disease TSH secretion or

11. Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism: - Slow and low

12. Diagnostic studies consistent with hypothyroidism: - TSH higher than 4.

13. Interprofessional mgmt for hypothyroidism: - Thyroid replacement

* Comply with lifelong thyroid therapy

16. Hyperthyroidism: - Hyperactivity of the thyroid gland with sustained increase in synthesis and release

* Graves' disease

*Toxic nodular goiter

*Thyroiditis

* Excess iodine intake

* Pituitary tumors

*Thyroid cancer

17. Graves' disease: - An autoimmune disease of unknown etiology characterized by diffuse

* Insufficient iodine supply

* Cigarette smoking

* Infection

* Stressful life events may interact with genetic factors

18. Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism: - Goiter (enlarged thyroid)

* May cause corneal ulcers or loss of vision.

* Changes in the ocular muscles may result in muscle weakness causing diplopia

19. RAIU: - Used to distinguish Graves' disease from other forms of thyroiditis

20. Pathophysiology for goiter: - Antibodies bind to TSH and cause thyroid gland to overproduce T3 & T

21. Exophthalmos: - Forward protrusion of the eyes

22. propylthiouracil (PTU) or methimazole (Tapazole): - Initial antithyroid therapy

26. Radioactive iodine therapy (RAI): - Thyroid gland picks up the local radiation, which destroys

27. Pre DM: - Impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, or both

* Undergo screening

* Manage risk factors

* Monitor for symptoms of DM

* Maintain healthy weight, exercise, and diet

28. Metabolic syndrome: - Common condition that places patients at risk for pre DM

* Abdominal obesity

* Hyperglycemia fasting of more than 100

* Hypertension 130/

* Hyperlipidemia trig more than 150 HDL less than 40- 50

29. Type 1 DM: - Formerly known as juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent

30. Clinical manifestations for type 1 DM: - CLASSIC SYMPTOMS:

* Polyuria

* Polydipsia

* Polyphagia