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Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function. Your Answer: changes to the body’s physiology caused by disease What is the definition of “pathophysiology”?
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Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
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Nurs231 Pathophysiology Module 1: Problem
Set
Due No due date Points 5 Questions 40 Time Limit None
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Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 69 minutes 0 out of 5 * * Some questions not yet graded
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5 * Submitted Sep 4 at 2:47pm This attempt took 69 minutes.
physical force (burns) chemical agents (poison) biological (bacteria) genetic disposition nutritional excesses/deficienceies Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one’s genetic inheritance, and Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions (present at birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth). Your Answer: congenital and acquired What are the 2 types of risk factors? Question 3 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts What is the difference between morphology and histology? Question 4 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts
patient history physical examination diagnostic testing The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests. Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. Question 8 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts Question (^7) Not yet graded / 0 pts Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. Your Answer: validity -how a tool measures what it is intended to measure reliability - the likelihood of the same result occurring with repeated testing Sensitivity- the proportion of people with a disease who test positive for that disease Specificity- people without the disease who test negative for that disease Validity is how a tool measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability is how likely the same result will occur if repeated. Sensitivity is the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease. Specificity are people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
Your Answer: The study of disease occurrence in human populations. For example, they may track age, race, nutritio Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks ag geographic location. Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time. P with the disease in a population in a given time. Your Answer: Incidence -the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time Prevalence - number of people with the disease in a population at a given time What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? Question 9 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts Define mortality and morbidity. Your Answer: Mortality- Cause of death in a population; the death rate Question 10 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts
Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking fol Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is Question (^12) Not yet graded / 0 pts Why is evidence-based practice important? Your Answer: By relying on current best, scientific evidence, one can make the best decision regarding a patients health rather than saying "this is the way it has always been done" Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract “the way things have always been done,” and to practice based on clinical research.
All eukaryotic cells have three primary structures that are considered the functional components of the cell. These are the nucleus, the cytopl Your Answer: nucleus plasma membrane cytoplasm What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? Question 13 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts The nucleus is the control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary material, DNA and RNA. Your Answer: It is the command center of the cell that contains herditary material (DNA and RNA) where the genes en What is the function of the nucleus? Question 14 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts Question 15 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts
Your Answer: this the site of protein synthesis in the cell (so, make proteins) The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The Rough ER has riboso synthesis. Question (^18) Not yet graded / 0 pts What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria? Your Answer: Lysosome: digestion through either heterotrophy or autophagy and they play a vital role in cell metabolism Peroxisomes: contain enzymes that function in detoxification and when they help in the formation of bile acids when they breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water Mitochondria: through cellular respiration they are able to transform organic compounds into cellular energy store it as ATP Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell. Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes and function in the control of free radicals. The mitochondria are aptly termed the “power plants” of the cell, as they transform organic compounds (energy in food) into cellular energy for the cell.
The cytoskeleton contains a network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and thick filaments. They control cell shape Your Answer: consists of a network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and thick filaments wh What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function? Question 19 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts Cilia can be found on many epithelial linings, including the nasal sinuses and bronch the human body, only spermatozoa contain flagella. Your Answer: Cilia: nasal sinuses, bronchi, hair cells in the inner ear Flagella: male sperm Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body. Question 20 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts Question 21 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts
Name the 4 types of cell signaling. Your Answer: Endocrine Paracrine Autocrine Synaptic Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic signaling Question 25 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts Question (^24) Not yet graded / 0 pts Know the process of up and down regulation. Your Answer: up regulation: there is an increase in active receptors down regulation: there is a decrease in active receptors Every cell has a distinct set of surface receptors that allow it to respond to signaling molecules in a specific way. These proteins can increase or decrease in number according to the needs of the cell. When there are too many chemical messengers present, the number of active receptors decreases in a process called down-regulation. When the messengers are lacking, the number of active receptors increases through up-regulation.
Explain diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Your Answer: DIffusion - the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of low Facilitated Diffusion - uses transport proteins to move other ions and small molecules across the plasma Active Transport when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient Question 26 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts Understand the 3 types of receptor proteins. Your Answer: G- Protein Linked Receptors: G-Protein-Linked Receptors ligands bind to a receptor which activates a G protein causing the release of a second messenger Enzyme-Linked Receptors- activates and associated intracellular domain with enzyme activity and is also involved in the function of growth factors Ion-Channel-Linked Receptors - involved in rapid synaptic signaling between electrically excitable cells There are three known classes of cell surface receptor proteins called G-protein-linked (on-off switch), ion-channel- linked (neurotransmitters), and enzyme-linked (growth factors).
Your Answer: occurs when a molecule outside of the cell is enclosed in an invagination of the cell membrane formin Endocytosis occurs when a molecule outside of the cell is enclosed in an invaginati microorganisms or other particulate matter. Because small ions like sodium and potassium have an electrical charge, they are un diffusion through selective ion channels. Your Answer: the channels are selective and therefore to not allow foreign, unwanted particles in the cell Why are ion channels necessary? Question 29 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts Question 30 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts
Question 31 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts Understand the different types of transport systems. Your Answer: In primary active transport , ATP is used directly to transport the substance. In secondary active transport, energy is derived from the primary active transport of one substance, usually sodium, for the cotransport of a second substance as depicted Cotransport (symport) systems consist of sodium ions and the solute being transported in the same direction. Counter-transport (antiport) systems consist of sodium ions and the solute being transported in the opposite direction. An example of cotransport occurs in the intestine when glucose and amino acid absorption is paired with sodium transport. In primary active transport, ATP is used directly to transport the substance. In secondary active transport , energy is derived from the primary active transport of one substance, usually sodium, for the cotransport of a second substance. When sodium leaves the cell by primary active transport, a concentration gradient develops. This results in storage of energy because sodium is wanting to diffuse back into the cell. Two groups of secondary active transport are available. Cotransport or symport systems consist of sodium ions and the solute being transported in the same direction. Counter- transport or antiport systems has sodium ions and the solute being transported in the opposite direction. An example of cotransport occurs in the intestine in which the absorption of glucose and amino acids is paired with sodium transport.
body function and for sensing and moving about the environment in response to stimuli
There are four types of tissue: (1) Epithelial- covers the body’s outer surface, lines the inn (2) Connective- connects and binds or supports the various tissues. (3) Muscle- move the Know the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Question 34 Not^ yet^ graded^ /^0 pts Question (^33) Not yet graded / 0 pts What is atrophy and what causes it? Your Answer: decrease in cell size which in turn decreases the size of an organ or tissue; usually results from disuse Atrophy is a decrease in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in the mass of pre-existing cells. It’s typically a result from disuse, nutritional or oxygen deprivation, diminished endocrine stimulation, aging, and denervation (lack of nerve stimulation in peripheral muscles caused by injury to motor nerves).
