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Neoplasia is a disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth. Neoplasm is the “new growth.” Your Answer: neoplasm is the process of new growth neoplasia the disorder that changes cell differentiation and growth Define neoplasia and neoplasm:
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Nurs231>Module 2: Problem Set
Pathophysiology>Portage Learning
Due No due date Points 5 Questions 35 Time Limit None
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Score for this quiz: 5 out of 5
Submitted Feb 3 at 10:57am This attempt took 1, minutes.
Be familiar with the cell cycle (figure 2.1). What are the 3 main groups of cells that proliferate? Your Answer:
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Define proliferation and differentiation: Your Answer: proliferation is a process of cell devision, is an adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed differentiation is a process that a cell becomes more specialized with each mitotic division Proliferation, a process of cell division, is an adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed. Differentiation is the process in which cells become more specialized with each mitotic division.
The more specialized cells are unable to divide, so these cell populations rely on prog What are the benefits of the stem cell? Your Answer: the benefits of the stem cells are as follows; Stem cells remain dormant until they are needed. Wh
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Know the difference in terminology of benign and malignant tumors according to tissue types. Refer to table 2.2. Stem cells remain dormant until they are needed. When needed, they can divide, produ A polyp is a growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant. Your Answer: Polyp is the a growth that projects from the mucosal surface such as the intestine, it can be benign What is a polyp?
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What are the two broad categories of malignant neoplasms? Your Answer: they are Solid tumors and hematological cancers Solid tumors and hematologic cancers Carcinoma in situ is a localized preinvasive lesion. These can typically be surgica recurrence is less likely. Your Answer: the carcinoma in situ is a localize pre invasive lesion it can be remove surgically or treated, and the chances of it returning is very small Explain what carcinoma in situ is?
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Seeding of cancer cells into body cavities occurs when a tumor sheds cells into th ovarian cancer. Your Answer: is the way the shed tumor cells enter the circulation , and move into similar of different body cavities What is seeding?
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What is important about the sentinel node? Your Answer:
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Be familiar with the cancer cell characteristic as summarized in table 2.3.
Module 2: Problem Set: Pathophysiology-2021- Stepp 2/3/22, 6: PM https://portagelearning.instructure.com/courses/ 1116 /quizzes/ 26801? module_item_id= 102578 Page^10 of What are the 2 broad etiologic causes of cancer? Your Answer: genetic and the molecular mechanisms which transform normal cell to a cancer cell secondly there are factors such as age environmental agent, and heredity The genetic and molecular mechanisms that transform normal cells to cancer ce The external factors such as age, heredity, and environmental agents. Protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes Your Answer: Porto Oncogenes Tumor s supressor What are the 2 cancer associated genes?
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Module 2: Problem Set: Pathophysiology-2021- Stepp 2/3/22, 6: PM https://portagelearning.instructure.com/courses/ 1116 /quizzes/ 26801? module_item_id= 102578 Page^11 of
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What are the 3 genetic events that lead to oncogene formation and activation? Your Answer: they are as follows Point mutation which is a single nucleotide base change due to insertion, deletion, and substation. Chromosomal Translocation is the normal movement and the arrangements os a segment of the DNA, normally its seen in chronic Myelogenus leukemia. Gene amplification is the normal grow the number of copies of a specific gene, which leads to unfavarable and over bearing of a gene Gene amplification. Point mutation, chromosomal translocation, and gene amplification
Risk factors linked to cancer include heredity, hormonal factors, obesity, immunologic
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Give an example of a hereditary cancer: Your Answer: when a female has a breast cancer and she is caring the BRCA1 and the close female relative (like h BRCA1,2 causes breast and ovarian cancer; retinoblastoma; familial adenomatous polyposis causes colon cancer. What organs do hormones and the development of cancer target? Your Answer:
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Module 2: Problem Set: Pathophysiology-2021- Stepp 2/3/22, 6: PM they target the ovaries, breast , prostate , and the endometrium Breast, ovary, endometrium, prostate Smoking, alcohol, chewing tobacco, high fat/low fiber diet, high intake smoked meats, sun exposure, obesity Your Answer: smoking, chewing tobacco , alcohol , obesity, List some lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of cancer?
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What are the 4 oncogenic viruses that can induce cancer? Your Answer:
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It could be because of blood loss, hemolysis, impaired red blood cell production, or treatment effects. Your Answer: because its due the loss of blood, hemolysis and impaired RBC Why is anemia common in people with cancer?
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Module 2: Problem Set: Pathophysiology-2021- Stepp 2/3/22, 6: PM
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What are paraneoplastic syndromes? Give an example. Your Answer: Paraneoplastic is the syndrome cancer causes which is not directly the site that is effected by cancer. Example is the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion Cancer can also produce symptoms in sites not directly affected by the disease. These manifestations are termed paraneoplastic syndromes. Examples are syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, Cushing syndrome due to ectopic ACTH production, and hypercalcemia.
Module 2: Problem Set: Pathophysiology-2021- Stepp 2/3/22, 6: PM What are tumor markers helpful for? Your Answer: since they are expressed as antigens on the surface of the tumor cells. they can help establishing p
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What body parts do we screen through observation? Palpation? Laboratory tests and procedures? Your Answer: observation : skin, mouth, external and genitalia palpation: breast thyroid, rectum, anus, and lymphedema nodes lab test: Pap smear, colonoscopy, and mammography Observation (skin, mouth, external genitalia), palpation (breast, thyroid, rectum and anus, prostate, lymph nodes), and laboratory tests and procedures (Pap smear, colonoscopy, mammography)
grading is based on the cellular characteristics of the tumor and the degree of abnormalities pres staging is the assessmentof the clinical spread of the disease, staging of cancer are five stages. st Grading is the histologic or cellular characteristics of the tumor. Staging is the clinical spread of the disease. Both methods are used to determine the course of the disease and aid in selectin management plan. Your Answer: grading and staging are system todetermine the cause of the disease as well as assist in the choosin What is the purpose of grading and staging a tumor?
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Module 2: Problem Set: Pathophysiology-2021- Stepp 2/3/22, 6: PM
What are the 3 possible goals of cancer treatment? Your Answer: curative, control , and palliative Curative, control, and palliative Module 2: Problem Set: Pathophysiology-2021- Stepp 2/3/22, 6: PM
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When is surgery appropriate in the treatment of cancer? Your Answer: it can be use when the tumor is solid with clear margin, also it can be used prophylactically in families with a high risk for developing cancer, an example, prophylactic bilateral mastectomy in women with a strong family history of breast cancer If the tumor is small with well-defined margins; to treat oncologic emergencies; prophylactically
