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NURSING FUNDAMENTALS
NGN EXAM — NGN VERSION
COVERING ALL POSSIBLE
2026-27, Exams of Nursing
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A nurse is caring for a patient in the ICU who is being monitored for a possible cerebral aneurysm following a lost of consciousness in the emergency room. The nurse anticipates preparing the pt for ordered diagnostic tests. This nurse's knowledge of the diagnostic procedures for this condition reflects which aspect of nursing? A. The art of nursing B. The science of nursing C. The caring aspect of nursing
D. The holistic approach to nursing - ANSWERS -B. The science
of nursing A nurse is formulating a clinical question in PICO format. What does the letterP represent? A. Comparison to another similar treatment B. Clearly defined, focused literature review
C. Specific identification of the desired outcome D. Explicit descriptions of the population of interest -
ANSWERS -D. Explicit descriptions of the population of interest
Insulin - ANSWERS -Removes excess glucose from the blood and
stores it as glycogen in the liver. Which nurse who was influential in the development of nursing in North America is regarded as the founder of American nursing? A. Clara Barton B. Lillian Wald C. Lavina Dock
D. Florence Nightingale - ANSWERS -D. Florence Nightingale
The student nurse learns that illnesses are classified as either acute or chronic. Which are examples of chronic illnesses? Select all that apply. A. Diabetes mellitus B. Bronchial pneumonia C. Rheumatoid arthritis D. Cystic fibrosis E. Fractured hip
F. Otitis media - ANSWERS -A, C, & D
When the newborn cheek is touched, the cheek turns toward the
stimulus - ANSWERS -Rooting
Overweight BMI - ANSWERS ->25 mg/dL
How many patient identifiers is required, and what are they? -
ANSWERS -
Name and date of birth
Pain and anxiety can alter these vital signs - ANSWERS -HR, RR,
and BP
- A nurse assesses patients in a physician's office who are experiencing different levels of health and illness. Which statements best define the concepts of health and illness? Select all that apply. A. Health and illness are the same for all people. B. Health and illness are individually defined by each person. C. People with acute illnesses are actually healthy. D. People with chronic illnesses have poor health beliefs. E. Health is more than the absence of illness.
F. Illness is the response of a person to a disease. - ANSWERS -
B, E, & F
Method of communication between health care providers about
patients (the handoff) - ANSWERS -SBAR
When the newborn's head is turned to one side, the arm on that
side is extended out - ANSWERS -Tonic neck
True or false: Diarrhea is a common concern postpartum -
ANSWERS -False. Constipation is a common concern if iron is
administered
This is the angle for a subcutaneous injection - ANSWERS -
degrees A nurse has volunteered to give influenza immunizations at a local clinic. What level of care is the nurse demonstrating? A. Tertiary B. Secondary C. Primary
D. Promotive - ANSWERS -C. Primary
The outer most layer of the skin - ANSWERS -Epidermis
First step in the abdominal assessment - ANSWERS -Inspection
A nurse administers a dose of an oral medication for hypertension to a patient who immediately vomits after swallowing the pill. What would be the appropriate initial action of the nurse in this situation? A. Readminister the medication and notify the primary care provider. B. Readminister the pill in a liquid form if possible. C. Assess the vomit, looking for the pill.
D. Notify the primary care provider. - ANSWERS -C. If a patient
vomits immediately after swallowing an oral pill, the nurse should assess the vomit for the pill or fragments of it. The nurse should then notify the primary care provider to see if another dosage should be administered. Identify goals of Healthy People 2020 related to diabetes -
ANSWERS --Reduce the disease and economic burden of
diabetes mellitus and improve the quality of life for at risk persons -Reduce disease risk through healthful diets and achievements and management of healthy body weights True or False: RhoGAM is given to the mom when the mother is
positive and baby is negative - ANSWERS -False. Mother must
be negative and baby must be positive
Chloride normal values - ANSWERS -97-107 mEq/L
Degree of stretch of the ventrical at the end of diastole -
ANSWERS -Preload
True or False:Baby blues are a serious postpartum problem that
requires treatment - ANSWERS -False. These are mild
depressive symptoms, anxiety, irritability, mood swings, tearfulness, increased sensitivity, and fatigue. Usually peaks at 4-5 days and resolves by day 10 A nurse is interviewing a newly admitted patient. Which question would be considered culturally sensitive? A. "Do you think you will be able to eat the food we have here?" B. "Do you understand that we can't prepare special meals?" C. "What types of food do you eat for meals?" D. "Why can't you just eat our food while you are here?" -
ANSWERS -C
Which acid-base imbalance would the nurse suspect after assessing the following arterial blood gas values: pH, 7.30; PaCO2, 36 mm Hg; HCO3−, 14 mEq/L? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Respiratory alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis
When does menstruation return for lactating women? -
ANSWERS -It's dependent on breast feeding frequency and
duration. Anywhere from 2-18 months. A nurse is teaching a novice nurse how to provide culturally competent care to patients in a culturally diverse community health clinic. Although all of the following are important to providing culturally competent nursing care, which one is most basic? A. Learning the predominant language of the community B. Obtaining significant information about the community C. Treating each patient at the clinic as an individual D. Recognizing the importance of the patient's family -
ANSWERS -C
A nurse witnesses a street robbery and is assessing a 26-year-old female patient who is the victim. The patient has minor scrapes and bruises and tells the nurse, "I've never been so scared in my life." What other symptoms would the nurse expect to find related to the fight-or-flight response to stress? Select all that apply. A. Increased heart rate B. Decreased muscle strength C. Increased mental alertness D. Increased blood glucose levels E. Decreased cardiac output
F. Decreased peristalsis - ANSWERS -A, C, D The sympathetic
nervous system functions under stress to bring about the fight-or- flight response by increasing the heart rate, increasing muscle strength, increasing cardiac output, increasing blood glucose levels, and increasing mental alertness. Increased peristalsis is brought on by the parasympathetic nervous system under normal conditions and at rest.
Risk factors that we can do something about - ANSWERS -
Modifiable risk factors
Sodium normal values - ANSWERS -135-145 mEq/L
Potassium normal values - ANSWERS -3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Vaginal discharge that occurs after birth and continues for
approximately 4-8 weeks - ANSWERS -Lochia
Jean's attorney was careful to explain in her defense that Jean had specialty knowledge, experience, and clinical judgment and had met certain criteria established by a nongovernmental association, as a result of which she was granted recognition in a specified practice area. What is this sort of credential called? A. Accreditation B. Licensure C. Certification
-Drinking/Smoking
Magnesium normal values - ANSWERS -1.3-2.3 mEq/L
A nurse is interviewing a patient who just received news that he has pancreatic cancer. The patient tells the nurse that getting cancer could never happen to him. Which defense mechanism is this patient demonstrating? A. Projection B. Denial C. Displacement
D. Repression - ANSWERS -B
A patient's health history of breast cancer that runs in the family
is what type of risk factor? - ANSWERS -Non-modifiable risk
factor
Laws affecting nursing practice (Think PHMPG) - ANSWERS --
Right of Privacy -HIPAA -Malpractice -Patient's Bill of Rights -Good Samaritan Law
Rubra - ANSWERS -Deep red mixture, first 3-4 days
A nurse administers the wrong medication to a patient and the patient is harmed. The physician who ordered the medication did not read the documentation that the patient was allergic to the drug. Which statement is true regarding liability for the administration of the wrong medication? A. The nurse is not responsible, because the nurse was merely following the doctor's orders. B. Only the nurse is responsible, because the nurse actually administered the medication. C. Only the physician is responsible, because the physician actually ordered the drug. D. Both the nurse and the physician are responsible for their
respective actions. - ANSWERS -D. Nurses are legally
responsible for carrying out the orders of the physician in charge of a patient unless an order would lead a reasonable person to anticipate injury if it were carried out. If the nurse should have anticipated injury and did not, both the prescribing physician and the administering nurse are responsible for the harms to which they contributed.
Phosphate normal values - ANSWERS -2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Normal ionized serum calcium level - ANSWERS -4.5-5.1 mg/dL
Base excess or deficit values - ANSWERS --2 to +2 mMol/L
D. The nurse identifies several options for intervening in the patient's care and critiques the merit of each option. -
ANSWERS -C. The first step when thinking critically about a
situation is to identify the purpose or goal of your thinking. Reassessing the patient helps to discipline thinking by directing all thoughts toward the goal. Once the problem is addressed, it is important for the nurse to judge the adequacy of the knowledge, identify potential problems, use helpful resources, and critique the decision.
Serosa - ANSWERS -2nd stage, pinkish-brownish discharge,
expelled 3-10 days.
Drugs used to open airways - ANSWERS -Bronchodilators
PCO2 normal values - ANSWERS -35-45 mm Hg
A nurse is administering a pain medication to a patient. In addition to checking his identification bracelet, the nurse correctly verifies his identity by: A. Asking the patient his name B. Reading the patient's name on the sign over the bed C. Asking the patient's roommate to verify his name
D. Asking, "Are you Mr. Brown?" - ANSWERS -A
PO2 normal values - ANSWERS -80-100 mm Hg
Prenatal vitamins, immunizations, providing education on health
habits - ANSWERS -Primary prevention
A nurse is assessing a 15-year-old female patient who is diagnosed with anorexia. Following the assessment, the nurse recommends that the patient meet with a nutritionist. This action best exemplifies the use of: A. Clinical judgment B. Clinical reasoning C. Critical thinking
D. Blended competencies - ANSWERS -A
What are verbal, nonverbal, written, and electronic? -
ANSWERS -Types of communication
Bradykinin - ANSWERS --Causes loval vasodilation
-Stimulates nerve endings to cause pain -Causes the release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane
This is what the body does in response to stressors - ANSWERS -
Adapt This organ needs 25% of our bld supply and is affected with a
decrease in perfusion - ANSWERS -Kidneys
The organ responsible for long-term acid-base balance -
ANSWERS -Kidneys
The nurse collects objective and subjective data when conducting patient assessments. Which patient conditions are examples of subjective data? Select all that apply. A. A patient tells the nurse that she is feeling nauseous. B. A patient's ankles are swollen. C. A patient tells the nurse that she is nervous about her test results. D. A patient complains of having a rash on her arm that is itchy. E. A patient rates his pain as a 7 on a scale of 1 to 10.
F. A patient vomits after eating supper. - ANSWERS -A, C, D, E
Amount of blood that is pumped through the heart each minute -
ANSWERS -3.5-8 L/min
A patient requires 40 units of NPH insulin and 10 units of regular insulin daily subcutaneously. What is the correct sequence when mixing insulins? A. Inject air into the regular insulin vial and withdraw 10 units; then, using the same syringe, inject air into the NPH vial and withdraw 40 units of NPH insulin.
B. Inject air into the NPH insulin vial, being careful not to allow the solution to touch the needle; next, inject air into the regular insulin vial and withdraw 10 units; then, withdraw 40 units of NPH insulin. C. Inject air into the regular insulin vial, being careful not to allow the solution to touch the needle; next, inject air into the NPH insulin vial and withdraw 40 units; then, withdraw 10 units of regular insulin. D. Inject air into the NPH insulin vial and withdraw 40 units; then, using the same syringe, inject air into the regular insulin vial and
withdraw 10 units of regular insulin. - ANSWERS -B Regular or
short-acting insulin should never be contaminated with NPH or any insulin modified with added protein. Placing air in the NPH vial first without allowing the needle to contact the solution ensures that the regular insulin will not be contaminated.
The primary source of heat in the body - ANSWERS -Metabolism
When a nurse enters the patient's room to begin a nursing history, the patient's wife is there. What should the nurse do? A. Introduce oneself and thank the wife for being present. B. Introduce oneself and ask the wife if she wants to remain. C. Introduce oneself and ask the wife to leave. D. Introduce oneself and ask the patient if he would like the wife
to stay. - ANSWERS -D
