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EXAM 3
1.What is Cancer?
the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body, it can develop in any organ/tissue
2.What does the acronym C.A.U.T.I.O.N. stand for, in cancer warning signs?
โ C - Change in bowel or bladder habits โ A - A sore that doesnโt heal โ U - Unusual bleeding or discharge โ T - Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere โ I - Indigestion or difficulty swallowing โ O - Obvious change in warts or moles โ N - Nagging cough or hoarseness
3.How is cancer staged, and what does the TNM system measure?
Cancer is staged based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis.
โ T (Tumor): (size,location, origin โ N (Nodes): Spread to lymph nodes โ M (Metastasis): Spread to distant organs
4.What are the three types of skin cancer, and how do they differ?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC):
โ Rough, scaly lesion, central ulceration, crusting or bleeding. โ Metastasizes faster than basal cell carcinoma.
Basal Cell Carcinoma(BCC):
โ Small waxy nodules with pearly borders visible blood vessels, slow-growing but locally invasive. โ Most common type
Malignant Melanoma:
โ Highly metastatic and aggressive, โ irregular borders, multiple colors, fast-growing. โ Can develop from new moles or change existing mole( pigmentation or unusual growth)
5.What are the Risk Factors of Skin cancer?
โ UV Exposure ( sunlight, tanning beds) โ Fair skin, freckles, multiple nevi( moles), blonde/red hair, light colored eyes โ Immunosuppression, chronic inflammation โ Family history
6.How can skin cancer be Prevented?
โ Avoid sun exposure from 10am-4Pm โ Use sunscreen (SPF 15+ UVA/UVB) , reapply every 2 hours โ Apply sunscreen 30 mins before exposure โ Wear protective clothing, hats, sunglass, lip balm with SPF 15+ โ schedule regular dermatology visits โ Avoid tanning beds, booths,sunlamps โ Monthly self-exams following ABCDE rule
7.What is the ABCDE rule for melanoma detection?
A - Asymmetry
B - Border( irregular
C - Color (pigment varies across mole)
D - Diameter ( width>5mm, size of a pencil eraser or pea
E - Evolving ( change in appearance-shape, color, size, or bleeding/ itching)
8.What is the most common surgical treatment for skin cancer??
13.What are the risk factors of Colon Cancer?
โ age >50, โ high-fat( red meat)/low-fiber diet, โ smoking/alcohol, โ obesity/physical inactivity, โ family history
14.How can colon cancer be prevented?
โ High-fiber, low-fat diet โ Routine screening ( colonoscopy at 50+) โ Genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer โ Exercise, no smoking, limit alcohol
15.What are the screenings for colon cancer and how often should they be done?
Fecal Occult Blood Test( FOBT) Annually and Colonoscopy every 10 yrs
16.What is the primary cause of cervical cancer? Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
17.How can cervical cancer be prevented? HPV vaccination Routine Pap smears Safe sexual practices
18.At what age should cervical cancer screening begin?
PAP SMEAR test at 21 or sooner if sexually active
19.What does a healthy stoma look like?
Red, moist, and shiny with no signs of infection or necrosis.
20.What is nursing care for a patient with a stoma? โ Keep the area clean and dry โ Use a well-fitting ostomy bag to prevent leakage โ Monitor for s/s of infection( redness,swelling, pain, discharge) โ Change the pouch when itโs โ
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21.What are neutropenic precautions for immunocompromised patients? ( low WBC; HIGH infection risk) โ Private room โ NO fresh flowers/fruits, plants or raw foods โ Monitor WBC & report fever >100 immediately โ Restrict visitors who are ill โ Strict hand hygiene for patient and visitors โ Keep dedicated equipment in patientโs room โ Administer Filgastim to increase WBC 22.What immunocompromised patients with low WBC should avoid? โ Avoid invasive procedures( rectal temp, injections, Indwelling urinary catheters) โ Avoid yard work,gardening โ Don't change cat litter box โ Wash dishes in hot water or in a dishwater โ Wash toothbrush in a dishwater or rinse in bleach solution
โ Low serum osmolality <275, โ low sodium <135( hyponatremia- coma,seizures, confusion) โ Muscle cramps
27.How do we treat SIADH and what do we avoid? โ Restrict fluids โ Monitor neurological status โ Implement seizures precautions due to hyponatremia โ Monitor I & Oโs, Weight daily โ Give Lasix (Furosemide)
28. What is palliative care? Palliative care focuses on improving the quality of life for patients and their families while they receive medical care for symptoms. It can be provided alongside curative treatment and may begin at the time of diagnosis. 29. What patients qualify for palliative care? Patients with serious illnesses who require symptom management and improved quality of life while continuing curative treatment qualify for palliative care. 30. What is hospice care? Hospice care is focused on providing comfort, care, and quality of life for patients who have a serious illness and are approaching the end of life, usually with six months or less to live. Curative treatments stop, and only symptom relief is provided. 31. What patients qualify for hospice care? Patients with a terminal illness and a life expectancy of six months or less qualify for hospice care. These patients no longer receive curative treatment, only symptom management. 32. What is the difference between hospice and palliative care?
โ Palliative Care : Can be provided alongside curative treatments at any stage of a serious illness.
โ Hospice Care : Reserved for patients nearing the end of life (typically with six months or less to live) when curative treatments are stopped, focusing only on comfort and symptom relief.
- What is leukemia? Bone marrow cancer, causing overgrowth of cancerous WBCโs. Prevent RBCโs , platelets and normal WBCs.
34.What are the two types of leukemia? Acute and chronic leukemia
- Describe acute leukemia? โ Symptoms being suddenly and patient is very sick โ Its most common in children โ Fast growing โ The bone marrow produces large numbers of immature lymphocytes that accumulate in the bone marrow S/s: -petechiae -sudden onset of high fever -abnormal bleeding from the mucous membranes
- Describe chronic leukemia? โ Develop slowly and patients can be surprised by the diagnosis because they feel well โ Most common in elderly โ Slow, progressive and chronic โ -it is often found during a routine checkups S/s:
- swollen lymph nodes of infection
- Diagnosis test for lymphoma? A biopsy is done to look for the presence of reed-sternberg cells
