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NY EMT Final Exam Study
MAST Review - correct answer Systolic blood pressure has to be below 50 mm Hg. MAST trousers put pressure on the legs to get more blood to the heart. Another incident is systolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg and an unstable pelvic fracture. Which type of consent allows you to treat an unconscious patient? - correct answer Implied Consent IMPORTANT In anatomic terms, an injury midway down the left forearm would be considered: - correct answer Distal to the elbow because it is further away from the shoulder (USE YOUR ARM AND ACTUALLY LOOK AT WHERE THE INJURY IS.) The systolic blood pressure is when the: - correct answer Ventricles are contracting. IMPORTANT Which of the following best defines the term "to auscultate" - correct answer Listening. When examining a patient at the scene of an auto accident, you should check for injuries to an extremity by doing all of the following EXCEPT - correct answer Manipulating the extremity for abnormal motion. The "A" in the mnemonic AVPU, stands for: - correct answer Alert. V = Verbal, P = Pain, U = Unresponsive IMPORTANT Foreign objects are kept from entering the trachea by the: - correct answer Epiglottis IMPORTANT In caring for a non-breathing patient with a stoma or tracheostomy tube, the EMS provider must: - correct answer Ventilate through the neck opening
In one minute, what should be the least amount of rate on compressions? - correct answer 100. (The rate of compressions should be 100- 120). IMPORTANT What part of your hand do you use to do compressions? - correct answer The heel of your hand. A previously conscious patient with a partial airway obstruction becomes unconscious, and the patient's "crowing" noises have stopped. The EMS Provider should: - correct answer Treat the patient as a complete airway obstruction patient. Since the crowing noises stopped, the patients airway must be completely obstructed Pulse Rates: - correct answer Adult = 60-100, Newborn (<1 yr) = 100-160, Toddler (1-3 yrs) = 90-150, Preschooler (4-5 yrs) = 80- 140, School-age (6-12 yrs) = 70- Rescue Breathing: How many breaths per minute (infant, child, adult) - correct answer Infant = 20/min, Child = 12-20/min (once every 3-5 seconds), Adult = 12/min (once every 5 seconds) CPR Compression Depth - correct answer Infant = 1/ (about 1.5 inches), Child = 1/3 (about 2 inches), Adult = at least 2 inches CPR Compression Rate: how many compressions per minute - correct answer at least 100/min for all CPR Compression to Ventilation Ratio - correct answer Adult = 30:2 (for 1 or 2 rescuers), Child = 30:2 for 1 rescuer, 15:2 for 2 rescuers, Infant = 30:2 for 1 rescuer, 15:2 for 2 rescuers. Nasal Cannula (flow rate / oxygen concentration) - correct answer Flow rate = 1-6 L/min, Oxygen concentration = 24-44%
B) larynx C) esophagus d) alveoli e) diaphragm - correct answer Esophagus A patient has been involved in a motorcycle accident. The patient is cyanotic, with rapid shallow respirations at a rate of 32 per minute, unequal chest expansion, and diminished breath sounds. The MOST APPROPRIATE device for delivering treatment is a: - correct answer Bag-valve mask with a reservoir and supplemental oxygen. (This answer is better than a regular BVM because the reservoir will help the BVM get more/higher concentration of oxygen) IMPORTANT You are suctioning a trauma patient who has large blood clots present in the mouth. You should: - correct answer Sweep the clots out of the mouth before suctioning. Bleeding due to a laceration in the neck may threaten the patient's life because. - correct answer Air may enter the blood vessel, making the patient prone to air embolism. A distinguishing trait of arterial bleeding is that it: - correct answer Flows from the wound in distinct spurts IMPORTANT If bleeding to an extremity does not stop with application of direct pressure and pressure dressing, the next step is to: - correct answer Apply a tourniquet. The principal cause of hypoperfusion (shock) in a victim with a massive burns is loss of: - correct answer Plasma IMPORTANT The BEST indication of brain perfusion in a shock victim is the patient's: - correct answer Mental status What are the four signs and symptoms of hypoperfusion (shock) - correct answer Rapid weak pulse, perspiration, pallor, shallow breathing (this is compensated shock)
A localized soft-tissue injury characterized by swelling and bruising is called a/an: - correct answer Contusion A pressure dressing may require loosening if: - correct answer No distal pulse is found One of the functions of the skeletal system is: - correct answer Protect the body A closed bone or joint injury (Definition) is BEST defined as an injury: - correct answer In which there is no break in the continuity of the skin. The treatment of a trauma victim who has a hip/joint injury is to: - correct answer Apply padded board splints and a long spine board The MOST SERIOUS problem associated with an injury to a joint is that this type of injury: - correct answer Is frequently accompanied by nerve and vascular damage. As a general rule, joint injuries should be: - correct answer Splinted in the position that it's found in. You manipulate it to regain a pulse. To control a nosebleed in a patient without suspected spinal trauma, the EMS Provider should - correct answer Pinch the patients nostrils together and sit the patient leaning forward to lower drainage Loss of voice, severe airway obstruction, and air leakage into the soft tissue of the neck can result from an injury to the - correct answer Trachea Chest ribs are connected to the sternum by: - correct answer Cartilage IMPORTANT
Unequal size of the pupils is usually seen in connection with - correct answer head injury You have determined that a victims upper and lower extremities show no reaction to painful stimuli what part of the spine has been injured? - correct answer cervical When should a victim of a diving accident should be removed from the water? - correct answer after he/she has been properly immobilized You arrive at the scene of an accident. The driver, who is breathing adequately, has a laceration to the forehead with minor bleeding. He is conscious although somewhat dazed as you question him. His only complaint is that he feels numb and cannot move his legs. After assessment, your FIRST management consideration should be to: - correct answer Apply a sterile compress to the forehead laceration and bandage firmly Chest ribs are connected to the sternum by - correct answer Cartilage The traction splint has been properly applied when - correct answer Limb alignment is maintained by traction Referred pain - correct answer Pain felt in an area of the body other than the area where the cause of the pain is located A tension pneumothorax interferes not only with respirations but also with the functioning of the - correct answer Heart The most important INITIAL signs/symptoms of a spontaneous pneumothorax (collapsed lung) are? - correct answer sudden sharp chest pain and sudden shortness of breath
Upon arriving at the scene of an accident, you find a victim who has bowel protruding through an abdominal laceration. You should cover the loops: - correct answer With a moist sterile dressing Using the system of triage at the scene of an MCI, which of the following patients would present the HIGHEST priority? - correct answer 18 year old female with an open head injury, BP = 180/ According to Section 1104 of the Vehicle and Traffic laws, the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle who is involved in an emergency operation may exercise all of the following privileges EXCEPT: - correct answer Proceeding through a red light without slowing down Why does the body shiver - correct answer to produce additional heat The three symptoms of a heat emergency that will require immediate transport are:
- correct answer A flushed face, a high temperature, and hot dry skin. A patient was pulled from a house fire and has burns involving arms, chest, and back. You should FIRST: - correct answer Asses for airway and respiratory distress What is step one of START triage? - correct answer Ask all patients that can get up and walk to get up and go to a collection point such as an ambulance or building. Those who can do that are GREEN tagged (Priority 3) AKA "walking wounded." What is STEP TWO of START triage? - correct answer Assessing RPM (respirations, perfusion, mental status 30-2-can do) 2= CAPILLARY REFILL What priority is a patient that's not breathing, even after attempting to open airway? - correct answer Priority 0 (black tag)
AED "no shock advised" what to do? - correct answer Do CPR for 2 mins with AED and reanalyze. 4 STEPS IN Determination of Negligence - correct answer
- Duty to Act
- Failure to Act (Breach of Duty)
- Damages, Harm, or Injury
- Proximate Cause (Causation): Reasonable Cause-and-Effect relationship between Breach of Duty and the Damages suffered by patient. Patients in shock position should be packaged and moved how? - correct answer In a Trendelenburg's position or supine with their legs elevated 6'' to 12''. Pregnant patients should be positioned and transported how? - correct answer On their left sides Cushing's triad consists of: (definition and 3 signs) - correct answer Cushing's triad indicates intracranial pressure. Signs = Increased systolic BP, decreased heart rate, and abnormal respirations. The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle. - correct answer Proximal vs Distal- with the shoulder as the point of reference, where are the wrist and elbow? - correct answer the wrist is distal (further away from the shoulder) and the elbow is proximal (closer to the shoulder) Proximal and distal refer to the places where the arms and legs attach. What are these places? - correct answer the shoulder (arms) and the hips (legs) Definition- proximal and distal - correct answer proximal = closer to the shoulder or hip .... distal = further from the shoulder or hip
Is the knee distal to the ankle? Explain - correct answer NO!!! The knee is PROXIMAL to the ankle because it is closer to the hip! Is the finger distal to the elbow? - correct answer YES- it is distal to the elbow because it is further away from the shoulder than the elbow is compensated vs decompensated shock - correct answer compensated shock = low blood volume but the body can still maintain blood pressure and organ perfusion. decompensated shock = body can no longer maintain blood pressure or perfusion. Hypoxia (definiton) - correct answer condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. Flow of blood through the heart - correct answer Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium, blood enters right ventricle, blood is carried to the lungs (gains O2), blood enters left atrium, blood enters left ventricle, blood travels to the aorta and systemic arteries the bones in the cranium are held together by zigzagged joints called - correct answer sutures (to suture means to stitch) most of the heat in the body is lost through ___________ - correct answer radiation (hands feet head)
