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D265 Critical Thinking Study
Critical Thinking - correct answer The ability to think carefully about thinking and reasoning/to be critical of your own reasoning. Propositions - correct answer The fundamental building blocks of arguments. They are a statement that can be true or false. Simple propositions - correct answer They have no internal logic structure, they are simply true or false based on how the world is. Freedom should be the highest value for its citizens. - correct answer Simple proposition Complex propositions - correct answer They have internal logic structure, and whether they are true or false depends on if their parts are true or false. If freedom should be the highest value for its citizens, then we should promote it in our laws and policies. - correct answer Complex proposition Argument - correct answer Contains at least two statements or propositions: a conclusion and one or more premises that lend support to the conclusion. Premise - correct answer A proposition that supports the conclusion. Conclusion Indicators - correct answer Therefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result. Premise Indicators - correct answer Because, for, given that, in that, as, since, indicated by.
Conclusion - correct answer The claim that the whole argument is intended to support or prove. Deduction - correct answer Arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion. Types of arguments that are deductive - correct answer Mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition. Induction - correct answer Arguments where the premises make the conclusion likely to be true. Types of arguments that are inductive/ampliative - correct answer Analogies, authority, casual inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations. P1: Monty is in Bejing P2: It is impossible to get here from Bejing in an afternoon Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - correct answer Deductive argument P1: Monty is really shy P2: Monty rarely goes to parties Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - correct answer Inductive/ampliative argument Soundness/Validity - correct answer Elements of a deductive argument Validity - correct answer If true, the premises make the conclusion true Soundness - correct answer The argument's premises guarantee the conclusion when true (Validity), and all premises are true Strength/Cogency - correct answer Elements of an inductive argument
P2. I am in Italy. C: Therefore, I am in Rome - correct answer Affirming the Consequent Modus Tollens (Denying the Consequent) basic structure - correct answer P1. If X, then Y P2. Not Y C: Therefore, not X No Formal Fallacy P1. If I'm in Rome, then I'm in Italy P2. I am not in Italy C: Therefore, I am not in Rome - correct answer Modus Tollens (Denying the Consequent) Denying the Antecedent basic structure - correct answer P1. If X, then Y P2. Not X C: Therefore, not Y Commits Formal Fallacy P1. If I'm in Rome, then I'm in Italy P2. I am not in Rome C: Therefore, I am not in Italy - correct answer Denying the Antecedent Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning - correct answer An argument where the premise restates the conclusion instead of supporting it. Arguing in a circle. P1. The Earth is ball-shaped C: Therefore, the Earth is a sphere - correct answer Begging the Question (Informal Fallacy)
The Fallacy Fallacy - correct answer Occurs when the fact that a fallacy has been committed is used to justify rejecting someone's conclusion. They have committed the fallacy of begging the question, therefore we should reject their conclusion. - correct answer The Fallacy Fallacy Bias - correct answer Supporting a particular conclusion regardless of the evidence The Principle of Charity - correct answer Interpreting a speaker's reasoning in the best possible light. This makes their position as strong and defensible as possible. Shae said, "It seems that the Earth is flat." Shae must mean that the Earth looks flat to observers on the ground even though our planet is really round. - correct answer The Principle of Charity Confirmation Bias - correct answer The tendency to focus on evidence that confirms what an individual already believes, and to ignore evidence to the contrary. Cognitive Bias - correct answer The way we naturally categorize and make sense of the world around us. Alief - correct answer An automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned out beliefs. Heuristic - correct answer a rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy that doesn't work all of the time, but one that gets us where we need to go most of the time. _______ can become issues when we want to engage in good reasoning, fair- mindedness, or intellectual virtue. - correct answer Heuristics
A young person is wearing a tie-dyed shirt and driving a Volkswagen (VW) bus. Based on this, another individual concludes that this person has liberal political views. Which bias does this reasoning reflect? - correct answer Representative Bias When asked how likely it is for an urban cyclist to get in an accident, a survey respondent remembered that their friend got into a cycling accident last week. This makes them conclude that cycling accidents are fairly likely. Which bias does this best represent? - correct answer Availability Bias What kind of actions can strong critical thinkers take to minimize bias in their thinking? - correct answer Broaden sources of information and slow their thought processes. An individual does not believe the moon landing ever occurred. She claims there are plenty of internet postings that agree with this idea, and while photos, documentation, witness accounts, and physical evidence of a moon landing may exist, these are all things that can easily be manufactured by the government, which cannot be trusted. Which argumentation bias does this passage illustrate? - correct answer Confirmation Bias System 1 thinking: - correct answer quick, automatic, and emotional System 2 thinking: - correct answer deliberate, effortful, and calculating The Ad Hominem Fallacy - correct answer When someone attacks the arguer instead of the argument. The Genetic Fallacy - correct answer When someone critiques the origin of a claim rather than the claim or argument itself. The Straw Figure/Straw man Fallacy - correct answer When someone willfully or mistakenly misinterprets someone else's argument or position. They often interpret their opponents position to make it indefensible.
A Red Herring - correct answer A distraction. When someone intentionally or unintentionally changes the subject entirely when an arguer doesn't want to answer a question. This distraction is not used as an answer, but just as a different subject entirely. An Irrelevant Appeal - correct answer Any kind of appeal to a factor, consideration, or reason that isn't relevant to the argument at hand. It is used as a reason/answer to the question rather than a distraction. Appeal to Authority Fallacy - correct answer When we trust an authority on one subject to speak on a different subject they don't have expertise in. Appeal to Force Fallacy - correct answer When a threat is used as a justification for the claim in an argument. "If you don't believe this, then I'm going to hurt you" - correct answer Appeal to Force Fallacy Appeal to the People (Ad Populum) Fallacy - correct answer Appealing to the popularity of a thing, idea, or practice in order to justify that thing, idea, or practice. The Appeal to Consequences Fallacy - correct answer occurs when an arguer attempts to persuade the audience to accept a conclusion based on the perceived consequence of that conclusion The Fallacy of Equivocation - correct answer Using the same term in an argument in different places but the word has different meanings. "Children are a headache. Aspirin will make headaches go away. Therefore, aspirin will make children go away." - correct answer The Fallacy of Equivocation The Slippery Slope Fallacy - correct answer This fallacy is committed when one event is said to lead to some other event via a chain of intermediary events.
However, there is a third option, r. - correct answer The False Dilemma Fallacy
