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Optics Science Olympiad
The law of reflection states - โ
that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface of the mirror all lie in the same plane. Furthermore, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. specular reflection - โ
is defined as light reflected from a smooth surface at a definite angle. diffuse reflection - โ
which is produced by rough surfaces that tend to reflect light in all directions Refraction - โ
the fact or phenomenon of light, radio waves, etc., being deflected in passing obliquely through the interface between one medium and another or through a medium of varying density. Change in direction of propagation of any wave as a result of its traveling at different speeds at different points along the wave front. Measurement of the focusing characteristics of an eye or eyes. Refractive index or index of refraction - โ
of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through that medium. It is defined as n = c v , {\display style n={\frac {c}{v}},} where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the phase velocity of light in the medium. Snell's Law - โ
a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air. Critical angle -
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the angle of incidence for which angle of refraction is 90ยฐ. The angle of incidence is measured with respect to the normal at the refractive boundary (see diagram illustrating Snell's law). Consider a light ray passing from glass into air. Prisms - โ
are solid glass optics that are ground and polished into geometrical and optically significant shapes. The angle, position, and number of surfaces help define the type and function. Dispersion - โ
dependent upon the geometry of the prism and its index dispersion curve, based on the wavelength and index of refraction of the prism substrate. The angle of minimum deviation dictates the smallest angle between the incident ray and the transmitted rays (Figure 8). The green wavelength of light is deviated more than red, and blue more than both red and green; red is commonly defined as 656.3nm, green as 587.6nm, and blue as 486.1nm. Deviation - โ
Prisms that deviate the ray path, rotate the image, or simply displace the image from its original axis are helpful in many imaging systems. Ray deviations are usually done at angles of 45ยฐ, 60ยฐ, 90ยฐ, and 180ยฐ. This helps to condense system size or adjust the ray path without affecting the rest of the system setup Convex - โ
having an outline or surface curved like the exterior of a circle or sphere. Convex lens - โ
Convex lenses are thicker at the middle. Rays of light that pass through the lens are brought closer together (they converge). A convex lens is a converging lens. When parallel rays of light pass through a convex lens the refracted rays converge at one point called the principal focus. A concave lens is thinner at the centre than at the edges. Concave -
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one that appears right-side up. It is an image in which directions are the same as those in the object, in contrast to an inverted image. Some telescopes and other devices, such as the camera obscura present an inverted image on the viewing surface. Images inverted - โ
in which up and down, as well as left and right, are interchanged; that is, an image that results from rotating the object 180ยฐ about a line from the object to the observer; such images are formed by most astronomical telescopes. Also known as reversed image. Images magnified - โ
The process of enlarging the size of something; The ratio of the size of an image to the size of an object. Thin lens - โ
is a lens with a thickness (distance along the optical axis between the two surfaces of the lens) that is negligible compared to the radii of curvature of the lens surfaces. Lenses whose thickness is not negligible are sometimes called thick lenses. Lens - โ
maker's equation- Lens Maker's Formula. For a thin lens, the power is approximately the sum of the surface powers. The radii of curvature here are measured according to the Cartesian sign convention. Telescope - โ
an optical instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer, containing an arrangement of lenses, or of curved mirrors and lenses, by which rays of light are collected and focused and the resulting image magnified. Microscope - โ
an optical instrument used for viewing very small objects, such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells, typically magnified several hundred times. Cameras -
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a device for recording visual images in the form of photographs, film, or video signals. Classes - โ
a set or category of things having some property or attribute in common and differentiated from others by kind, type, or quality. Visible Spectrum - โ
is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nm. Primary colors - โ
any of a group of colors from which all other colors can be obtained by mixing. Secondary colors - โ
a color resulting from the mixing of two primary colors. Additive - โ
is color created by mixing a number of different light colors, with shades of red, green, and blue being the most common primary colors used in additive color system. Subtractive - โ
model explains the mixing of a limited set of dyes, inks, paint pigments or natural colorants to create a wider range of colors, each the result of partially or completely subtracting (that is, absorbing) some wavelengths of light and not others. Absorption - โ
When visible light strikes an object and a specific frequency becomes absorbed, that frequency of light will never make it to our eyes. Any visible light that strikes the object and becomes reflected or transmitted to our eyes will contribute to the color appearance of that object.
