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Science Olympiad Optics
6 types of lenses - โ
plano-convex, plano-concave, double convex, double concave, concavo- convex, and convexo-concave additive mixing - โ
mix primary colors to make secondary colors amplitude - โ
maximum distance that the object moves from equilibrium Angle of incidence - โ
The angle between the incident ray and the normal Angle of reflection - โ
The angle between the reflected ray and the normal antinode - โ
a wave that pass through each other without changing shapes or sizes aperture - โ
describes how much light will be intercepted by the mirror Aqueous Humor - โ
clear fluid in the front of the eye, between the cornea and the iris, that provides nutrients to the cornea and the lens barbershop effect - โ
two perfectly parallel plane mirror produces multiple images of images with alternating handedness blue - โ
cyan and magenta
center of curvature - โ
useful when locating images, it is the center of the imaginary sphere upon which a curved mirror rests, the flatter the mirror, the farther away the center of curvature Center of Curvature - โ
Useful when locating images, it is the center of the imaginary sphere upon which a curved mirror rests. The flatter the mirror, the farther way from the center of curvature Center of curvature - โ
With curved mirrors, the center of the circle which the mirror is a part. colored filter - โ
absorb its compliment and the other two colors complementary colors - โ
red and cyan, orange and greenish-blue, yellow and blue, green and magenta, blue and yellow, and violet and greenish yellow concave - โ
Concave lens - โ
This lens curves inward, unlike a convex lens, this one keeps the light upright concave lenses - โ
diverging lenses Concave Mirror - โ
A mirror with a surface that curves inward Concave mirror - โ
bends inward like a cave, when looking at the mirror, things become upside down due the "caving in" on the mirror
convex mirror - โ
diverging mirror which forms virtual images which may be magnified Convex Mirror - โ
Diverging mirror which forms virtual images which may be magnified convex mirrors - โ
diverging mirrors, the incident rays diverge upon reflection Cornea - โ
Clear part of the eye covering the iris and the pupil; lets light into the eye, permitting sight cornea - โ
the transparent part of the eye covering the iris and pupil, refracts light, accounts for 2/3 of the eye's optical power crest - โ
a high point in a wave cyan - โ
made of blue and green Diffuse Reflection - โ
This is where the light rays all bounce off in different directions because of the surface Dispersion - โ
Dependence of wave speed and index of refraction on wavelength--causes separation of light into color components doppler shift (ฮปobs - ฮป) = โณฮป = ยฑv/cฮป - โ
(ฮปobs - ฮป) = โณฮป = ยฑv/cฮป : the difference between the observed wavelength of light and the actual wavelength of light generated by a source is equal to the actual wavelength of light generated by the source, time the relative speed of the
source and observer, divided by the speed of light. this quantity is positive if they are moving away from each other or negative if they are moving toward each other energy of a photon - โ
planck's constant*speed of light/wavelength (m) Fermat's Principle - โ
or Principle of Least Time - a light ray follows the path between two points that requires a minimum amount of travel time focal length - โ
the distance from the lens or mirror to the principal focus Focal Length - โ
The distance from the lens or mirror to the principal focus focal length of mirrors and lenses - โ
1/focal length=1/object distance + 1/ image distance focal point - โ
focal point of a concave mirror - โ
a set of parallel rays are reflected by the inside surface of a spherical mirror to converge at a focal point. Then the rays will be perfectly parallel and a "real image" will appear. focal point of a converging mirror - โ
all the rays from this object are relected by the inside surface of the mirror so as to converge at a "real image" on the same side of the mirror as the object Fovea - โ
a depression in the retina that contains cones, but not rods, and that provides acute eyesight frequency -
images in mirrors and lenses - โ
image height/object height = image distance/object distance Incident Ray - โ
The incoming ray that strikes a mirror. Usually coming from some kind of light source. Incident Ray - โ
This is the ray of light that comes from the source incident wave - โ
wave that strikes the boundary index of refraction - โ
used to determine the angle at which light refracts at a boundary, defined by the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium interference - โ
if the waves move in opposite directions, they can cancel or form a new wave of lesser or greater amplitude iris - โ
controls the size and diameter of pupils, and the amount of light that enters the retina Iris - โ
Muscle that controls the size of the pupil and makes our eye the different colors (blue, green, brown) Lateral rectus muscle - โ
muscle that moves the eye away from the nose Law of Reflection - โ
Angle of incidence=Angle of Reflection Law of reflection -
โ
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. law of reflection - โ
the angle of incidence of a wave or stream of particles reflecting from a boundary, conventionally measured from the normal to the interface, is equal to the angle of reflection, measured from the same interface law of reflection - โ
when a light ray reflects from a surface, the angle of incidence equals the angle of refleciton lens - โ
helps refract light to focus it onto the retina, changes shape to adjust its focal distance so that the eye can focus on objects at different distances Lens (eye) - โ
nearly spherical body in the eye, locate behind the cornea, that focuses light rays onto the cornea lenses - โ
always refract longitudinal wave - โ
the disturbance is in the same direction as or parallel to the direction of the wave's motion luminous flux - โ
denoted P, the rate at which light energy is emitted from a luminous source luminous source - โ
object that emits light, ex. the sun Macula - โ
part of the eye near the middle of the retina; it allows us to see objects with great detail
โ
media that do not transmit light, but reflect some light, ex. brick optic nerve - โ
sends information from the retina to the brain Optic Nerve - โ
the nerve that carries electrical impulses from photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina to the visual cortex in the brain Optic Nerve Head - โ
also called the optic disk, it is a circular area where the optic nerve enters the retina, and the location of the eye's blind spot optical density - โ
measures how well a medium can transmit light, is different from the actual density of the medium (ex. water has a higher optical density than air so light travels slower in water than air) ` optics - โ
study of light parallel - โ
pendulum - โ
consists of a massive object, called the bob, suspended by a string or light rod of length 1 period - โ
denoted T, the time needed for an object to repeat one complete cycle of motion period of a pendulum - โ
T = 2ฯโ1/g : the period of a pendulum is equal to two pi times the square root of the length of the pendulum divided by the acceleration due to gravity periodic motion -
โ
motions that repeat in a regular cycle periodic wave - โ
the wave moves up and down at the same rate perpedicular - โ
phase - โ
any two points on a wave that are one or more whole wavelengths apart physical optics - โ
optics that deal with the wave nature of light Planck's Constant - โ
6.62606957x10-34 J/s Plane Mirror - โ
A mirror with a flat surface plane mirror images - โ
image formed by a plane mirror seems to emit light from behind the mirror. Image distance = Object distance plane of incidence - one of the two laws of reflection - โ
incident ray, reflected ray, transmitted ray, and normal to surface all lie in the same plane, Angles are measured relative to the normal to the surface point source illuminance - โ
E = P/4ฯr^2 : if an object is illuminated by a point source of light, then the illuminance at the object is equal to the luminous flux of the light source, divided by the surface area of the sphere, whose radius is equal to the distance the object is from the light source Potential energy equation -
principle of superposition - โ
states that the displacement of a medium caused by two or more waves is the algebraic sum of the displacements caused by the individual waves - BASICALLY two or more waves can combine to form a new wave Pupil - โ
the dark, circular opening in the center of the iris, varying in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina ray - โ
a line drawn at a right angle to the crest of the wave Ray Diagram - โ
A diagram that demonstrates the path of light from an object using straight lines ray diagram - โ
a tracing of the light rays to show where the image forms after being reflected off a mirror or refracted through a lens ray model of light - โ
light is represented as a ray that travels in a straight path, the direction of which can be changed only by placing an obstruction in the path Real image - โ
An image formed at the point where light rays actually meet (in front of the mirror) real image - โ
an image that can be projected onto a screen at its location, inverted relative to the object, and can be magnified Real Image - โ
An image that can be projected onto a screen at its location, inverted relative to the object, and can be magnified
red - โ
yellow and magenta Reflected Ray - โ
A ray of light that has bounced off of a surface and is now moving away Reflected Ray - โ
This is the ray of light that has bounced off a surface (such as a mirror) reflected wave - โ
some of the energy of the incident wave's pulse is reflected backward into the larger spring refraction - โ
the change in the direction of waves at the boundary between two different media resonance - โ
occurs when small forces are applied at regular intervals to a vibrating or oscillating object and the amplitude of the vibration increases retina - โ
lines he inner surface of the eye and creates images via the optics of the eye, sent to the brain via the optic nerve Retina - โ
the sensory membrane that lines the eye; it receives images formed by the lens and converts them into signals that reach the brain by way of the optic nerve rods - โ
photoreceptors in your eyes, sense brightness and are more used during nighttime, 120 million of them Sclera -
โ
This is also called smooth reflection (or regular reflection) , rays all bounce off in the same direction, speed - โ
v = โณd/โณt โณd being the displacement of the wave peak โณt being the time interval speed of a light wave - โ
ฮป = c/f speed of light - โ
c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s SPOT - โ
Acronym used to describe the size, position, orientation, and type of image created by a mirror standing wave - โ
the wave appears to be standing still subtractive mixing (printers) - โ
mix secondary colors to make primary colors surface wave - โ
the particles move in a direction that is both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of wave motion Suspensory ligament - โ
membrane of fibers that holds the eye's lens in place tailor shop effect - โ
two perfectly perpendicular mirrors produce three images, one with the same handedness as the object Translucent -
โ
A material that both transmits and scatters light. translucent - โ
media that transmit light, but do not permit objects to be seen clearly through them, ex. lamp shades and frosted lightbulbs Transparent - โ
A material that transmits light (allows it to pass through without scattering it) transparent - โ
media that transmit light, ex. air and glass transverse wave - โ
vibrates perpendicular to the direction of the wave's motion trough - โ
a low point in a wave vertex - โ
the center of the lens or mirror Vertex - โ
The center of the lens or mirror virtual image - โ
an image that cannot be projected onto the screen, is not inverted relative to the object, and can be magnified Virtual Image - โ
An image that cannot be projected onto the screen, is not inverted relative to the object, and can be magnified Virtual image - โ
An image that forms at a location from which light rays appear to come but do not actually come (behind the mirror)
