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Patho Exam Questions Study Notes
- What is acidosis? Low pH 7.35 or below.
- What is alkalosis? High pH 7.45 or above.
- What happens when there is increased pH and in- creased bicarb HC03?
- What can excessive vomit- ing lead to?
- What are the normal ABG values for pH?
- What are the normal ABG values for PCO2?
- What are the normal ABG values for PO2?
- What are the normal ABG values for HCO3?
- What are the normal ABG values for SaO2?
- What happens when there are lots of H+ ions?
- What happens when there are high levels of CO2?
- What are the first line of defense against acid- base imbalances?
- What are the second line of defense against acid-base imbalances? Anti-vomit meds are given. Metabolic alkalosis. 7.35- 7.45. 35-45. 90-100. 22-26. 95-100%. Low pH. Body becomes more acidic. Respirations. Kidneys.
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Patho Exam Questions Study Notes
- How can you determine if an imbalance is respirato- ry or metabolic?
- What is the treatment for respiratory acidosis?
- What is the treatment for respiratory alkalosis?
- What is metabolic acido- sis?
- What is metabolic alkalo- sis?
- What is the treatment for metabolic alkalosis?
- What are the risk factors for hypertensive urgency cerebral concussion? If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite direc- tions, it is respiratory. If PCO2 is normal or mov- ing in the same direction as pH, it is metabolic. Intubation or administration of bicarb. CO2 rebreather mask. Low pH due to low HCO3 (<22). High pH due to high HCO (>26). Administration of vomiting meds. Headaches, lethargy and mental dullness, symptoms can persist for several months.
- What is a sprain? Overstretching of a ligament, commonly in the ankle, caused by a force that displaces a joint from its normal alignment.
- What is a strain? Overstretching of tendons and muscles, often in the lower back and hamstring, causing pain, weakness, and limited range of motion.
- What is Rilozole used for? It is a class of benzothiazotes medications used
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- What can cause vitamin B12 deficiency?
- What medications are used to treat heartburn?
- What is cryoablation used for? Conditions of the gastric system such as Crohn's disease and celiac disease. Esomeprazole, pantoprazole, famotidine, cime- tidine. It is a treatment for bone cancer and prostate cancer.
- What is TIA? Transient Ischemic Attack, a temporary block- age of blood flow to the brain that resolves itself or dissolves the clot within 24 hours.
- What is the difference be- tween hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke?
- What are the symptoms of cerebral contusion?
- What happens to the brain tissue in a cerebral contu- sion?
- What are the signs of pres- sure on the brain stem?
- What is likely to occur fol- lowing a fracture of the temporal bone?
- What are the signs and symptoms of cerebral ede- ma?
- What is a subdural hematoma?
4 / Hemorrhagic stroke is less common (40%) and mainly caused by high blood pressure, while ischemic stroke is the most common (85%) and caused by conditions like atrial fibrillation or arteriosclerosis. Severe headache, dizziness, vomiting, in- creased size of one pupil, sudden weakness in arm or leg, can last for hours to several weeks. It swells, and the person may become drowsy or confused. Low heart rate, respiration, HTN Epidural hematoma Headache, neck pain/stiffness, nausea/vomit- ing, dizziness, vision loss or change, memory loss, seizures, unstable gait Blood vessel in the space between skull & brain is damaged, placing pressure on the brain
6 / Decrease in urination or ability to urinate, fa- tigue, dry itching skin, bruising, skin and nail changes. Kidney ultrasound, CT scan, biopsy. Goiter develops as a compensatory response to low iodine levels. Iodine insufficiency.
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- What is Meniere's dis- ease? Human Epididymis protein 4, provided by ovar- ian cancer cells. A condition that starts in the inner ear and can cause long-term hearing loss.
- What is silicosis? Lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust.
- What are examples of upper respiratory infec- tions?
- What are examples of low- er respiratory infections? Sinusitis, epiglottitis, croup, laryngitis, pharyn- gitis (sore throat), sinusitis, mono. Bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, tuberculo- sis, asthma.
- What is Bell's palsy? Facial paralysis caused by a viral infection.
- What are examples of viral German measles, mumps, hand-foot- mouth, infections?
- What is hypoventilation pH?
- What are umbrella condi- tions of COPD?
- What is chronic bronchi- tis?
- What is refractory asth- ma?
- What are the signs and symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
- What is T4 cell disease re- lated to?
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- How are burns measured? Using the rule of nines, where each part of the body is assigned a percentage value of 9.
- What are the characteris- tics of a first-degree burn?
- What are the characteris- tics of a second-degree burn?
- What are the character- istics of a third-degree burn?
- What are Herberden's nodes and Bouchard's nodes?
- How do infections differ in younger adults and older adults?
- What are the symptoms of high potassium levels?
- What are the symptoms of low potassium levels?
- What is the role of lymph nodes? Affects only the outer layer of skin, causing pain, redness, and swelling. Affects the outer and underlying layers of skin, causing pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. Affects the deep layer of skin. Signs of osteoarthritis, with Herberden's nodes occurring at the joint closest to the fingertips and Bouchard's nodes occurring at the middle joints. Younger adults have fewer memory cells, while older adults have fewer naive T cells, which recognize new antigens and trigger an immune response. Muscle spasms and untreated acidosis. Palpitations, diarrhea, and muscle weakness. They are filled with white blood cells to fight infections.
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- What is lymphedema? Swelling or edema caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system, often seen in patients who had lymph nodes removed or cancer patients.
- What is lymphadenopa- thy? Enlarged, palpable, and tender lymph nodes.
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- What is Tay-Sachs dis- ease? Short webbed edema, underdeveloped breasts. Human genetic disorder, accumulation of lipids in the brain.
13 / What are the symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease? Cognitive disorders, Seizures, blindness, mus- cle weakness, loss of motor skills.
- What are aneuploidies? Conditions resulting from an abnormal number of chromosomes.
- What is Down syndrome? A condition characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
- What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus?
- What is the difference be- tween regurgitation and stenosis in heart valves? High sodium, excess water loss, normal blood sugar, low urine concentration. Regurgitation is leakage, stenosis is narrow- ing/stiffening.
- What is pyelonephritis? Inflammation of the renal and kidney.
- How does the artery re- spond to blood loss?
- What are the characteris- tics of Marfan Syndrome?
- What are the risk factors for Spina Bifida? Vasoconstriction. Long extremities, caused by an abnormal FBN1 gene. Lack of folic acid in pregnancy, obesity, and diabetes.
- What is bursitis? Inflammation of the bursa sac.
- What are the characteris- tics of Crohn's Disease? Involves the entire GI tract, cobblestone ap- pearance.
- What is ulcerative colitis? An autoimmune disease of the large intes- tine, specifically the colon and rectum, with pseudopolyps appearance.
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- What happens to cells dur- ing blood loss?
- What are the symptoms of Crohn's disease?
- What is McBurney's point associated with?
- What is the characteristic feature of endocarditis?
- What are the symptoms of pericarditis?
- What is considered a hy- pertensive crisis?
- What are the possible di- agnoses for a student who experienced head trauma and has memory loss, con- fusion, and flat affect?
- Which type of stroke can cause loss of conscious- ness?
- What is an artificial kidney used for?
- What causes lymphede- ma?
- What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?
16 / Treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Fluid leaves the intracellular space, causing cells to shrink. Right lower quadrant pain. Acute appendicitis. Vegetation containing bacteria. Pleural pain and other symptoms. Blood pressure over
Concussion, contusion, cerebral edema, and more. Ischemic stroke. Hemodialysis. Blockage in the lymphatic system. Gross hematuria and presence of cancer cells.
18 / Bleeding in the brain due to a ruptured blood vessel. Chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitus Type 1, chemotherapy for cancer. Red lesion, non-healing ulcer, firm nodule. Large black or brown lesion.
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- What are the characteris- tics of actinic keratosis?
- What are the characteris- tics of basal cell carcino- ma?
- What is a transient is- chemic attack?
- What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?
- What are the symptoms of glaucoma?
- What are the symptoms of macular degeneration?
- What are the symptoms of retinal detachment? Rough, scaly, red plaque. Shiny, translucent, pearly domes on the face. Clot forms in brain vessel but dissolves within 24 hours. Bleeding in the brain due to a ruptured weak- ened area. Good vision in front, need to turn head for pe- ripheral vision. Dark spot in center of vision, can see things in periphery. Bright flashes of light, black spots in vision.
- What is Lyme disease? Infectious disease caused by bacterial pathogen, spread via vector.
- What are the criteria for hy- Systolic BP over 140, diastolic BP over 90. pertension stage 2?
- What is aplastic anemia? Lack of red blood cell production by bone mar- row.
- Hepatitis C Viral infection affecting the
