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Patho Renal Study Guide Review
1.distinguish btw lower and upper uti: above or below bladder
2.Upper urinary tract obstruction
Complications (5): Hydroureter: Dilation of the
ureters Hydronephrosis: Dilation of the renal
pelvis and calyces
Ureterohydronephrosis: Dilation of both the ureters and the renal pelvis
and calyces Tubulointerstitial fibrosis: Deposition of excessive amounts of
extracellular matrix Leads to excess cellular destruction and death of
nephrons.
3.Upper urinary tract obstruction - compensaiton measures, effect of
relieving obstruction: Compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction:
Partially counteracts the negative consequences of unilateral
obstruction.
Compensatory growth
Unobstructed kidney will increase in size and function, not functioning
nephrons Postobstructive diuresis
Is caused by relief of the obstruction.
May cause fluid and electrolyte imbalance.
4.Kidney Stones what are they: Are also called renal calculi or urolithiasis.
Masses of crystals, protein, or mineral salts form in the urinary tract and
may obstruct the urinary tract.
5.kidney stones risk factors: Male
Most develop before 50 years of
age Inadequate fluid intake: Most
prevalent Geographic location
Temperature, humidity, rain fall, fluid, and dietary patterns
6.kidney stone composition: Composition of mineral
salts Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate: 70%
to 80% Struvite (magnesium, ammonium,
phosphate): 1% to 5% Uric acid: 5% to 10%
7.genetic issue that can lead to stones: Excess urine can cause
cystinuric, or xanthine, stone formation in the presence of a low urine
pH.
8.staghorn calculi: Are large and fill the minor and major calyces.
9.Non-Staghorn calculi:: variable size, located in calyces, renal pelvis,
different sites of ureter.
10.Kidney stone formation describe 3 steps: Supersaturation of one or
more salts
