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Advanced Patho Exam 1
Study Guide
*****This is not a comprehensive list just a guide to get you started. I
have included a guide of important topics that I think you should
spend time familiarizing yourself with the concepts. Please make
sure that you review all your notes and refer to reading for further
clarification. Good luck studying. Please email me with questions.
*****
Module 1 Cellular biology, Membrane physiology, action
potentials, skeletal/smooth muscle contraction, and Altered
cellular tissue
Extracellular Fluid: Mostly Sodium Na+. Also known as Plasma.
Intracellular Fluid: Mostly Potassium K+
•Positive and negative feedback – what are they?
Understand basics of what they do and how they affect
physiology
Negative feedback: Promotes stability, cancels out the original
response
Example: Hyperglycemia; the pancreas releases insulin to
decrease the blood sugar
Positive Feedback: Promotes a change in one direction, instability,
disease Example: Labor contractions; get stronger and closer
so there is an exaggerated response as the labor process goes
on
•Transport of molecules through the membrane; diffusion
and what affects it; facilitated diffusion, active transport;
and osmosis and what it is.
Cell Membrane: A lipid bilayer with a hydrophilic head and a
hydrophobic tail. The head has a charge and the tail is uncharged
(fatty acid). Proteins are embedded in the membrane that provide
selectivity to a membrane. Act as channels, carriers, transporters,
receptors or messengers.
Cell Energy: ATP is the fuel for the cell. ATP is created in the
presence of oxygen. A maximum of 38 molecules of ATP are formed
per molecule of glucose broken down. Only 2 molecules are created in
an anaerobic state.
Diffusion: Major mechanism of transport across the cell membrane.
