Prepare for your exams
Get points
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Docsity AI

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips

Sell on Docsity

Docsity AI

Log in Sign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search for your university

Find the specific documents for your university's exams

Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents

20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions

5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points

Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

Pharm Exam 2 Module 4: Prototype Medication Name - Prototype Medication Class, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Pharmacology

Virginia State University (VSU)Pharmacology

Pharm Exam 2 Module 4: Prototype Medication Name - Prototype Medication Class

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2023/2024

Available from 06/23/2024

hesigrader002 🇺🇸

4.1

(43)

7.7K documents

1 / 36

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

1

Pharm Exam 2 Module 4: Prototype Medication Name

- Prototype Medication Class

Beclomethasone - Glucocorticoids

Prednisone - Glucocorticoids

Cromolyn - mast cell stabilizers

Zafirlukast - leukotriene modifiers

Albuterol - Bronchodilators: Beta2-Adrenergic Agonists

Salmeterol - Bronchodilators: Beta2-Adrenergic Agonists

Theophylline - Bronchodilators: Methylxanthines

Ipratropium - Anticholinergic Drugs

Hydrocodone - Opioid Drugs for Cough

Dextromethorphan - Nonopioid Drugs for Cough

Cimetidine - H2-Receptor Antagonists

Omeprazole - Proton Pump Inhibitors

Sucralfate - Mucosal Protectants

Aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide - Antacids

Methylcellulose - Bulk-Forming Agents

Docusate sodium - Surfactants

Magnesium hydroxide - Osmotic Laxatives

Ondansetron - Serotonin Antagonists

Prochlorperazine - Dopamine Antagonists

Dronabinol - Cannabinoids

Glucocorticoids

-Glucocorticoids are intended for long-term control. Inhalation is the primary route of

administration, as it is associated with less adverse reactions than systemic administration

via oral or IV routes. Glucocorticoids suppress inflammation by decreasing the synthesis

and release of inflammatory mediators, decreasing the activity of the body's immune

cells, and decreasing edema within the airway mucosa.

-Most glucocorticoids are synthetic analogues of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex.

They exert anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and immunosuppressant effects.

-Metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys

-Drugs used: Beclomethasone & Prednisone

-Used for:

oAsthma and COPD

-Action:

oSuppress hypersensitivity and immune responses

oSuppress the redness, edema, heat, and tenderness associated with

the inflammatory response.

-Adverse effects:

oInsomnia

oIncreased sodium and water retention

oIncreased potassium excretion

oSuppressed immune and inflammatory responses osteoporosis

oIntestinal perforation

oPeptic ulcers

Discover Study Guides, Projects, Research of Pharmacology Virginia State University (VSU)

Partial preview of the text

Download Pharm Exam 2 Module 4: Prototype Medication Name - Prototype Medication Class and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity!

Pharm Exam 2 Module 4: Prototype Medication Name

- Prototype Medication Class

Beclomethasone - Glucocorticoids Prednisone - Glucocorticoids Cromolyn - mast cell stabilizers Zafirlukast - leukotriene modifiers Albuterol - Bronchodilators: Beta2-Adrenergic Agonists Salmeterol - Bronchodilators: Beta2-Adrenergic Agonists Theophylline - Bronchodilators: Methylxanthines Ipratropium - Anticholinergic Drugs Hydrocodone - Opioid Drugs for Cough Dextromethorphan - Nonopioid Drugs for Cough Cimetidine - H2-Receptor Antagonists Omeprazole - Proton Pump Inhibitors Sucralfate - Mucosal Protectants Aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide - Antacids Methylcellulose - Bulk-Forming Agents Docusate sodium - Surfactants Magnesium hydroxide - Osmotic Laxatives Ondansetron - Serotonin Antagonists Prochlorperazine - Dopamine Antagonists Dronabinol - Cannabinoids Glucocorticoids

- Glucocorticoids are intended for long-term control. Inhalation is the primary route of administration, as it is associated with less adverse reactions than systemic administration via oral or IV routes. Glucocorticoids suppress inflammation by decreasing the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators, decreasing the activity of the body's immune cells, and decreasing edema within the airway mucosa. - Most glucocorticoids are synthetic analogues of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. They exert anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and immunosuppressant effects. - Metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys - Drugs used: Beclomethasone & Prednisone - Used for: o Asthma and COPD - Action: o Suppress hypersensitivity and immune responses o Suppress the redness, edema, heat, and tenderness associated with the inflammatory response. - Adverse effects: o Insomnia o Increased sodium and water retention o Increased potassium excretion o Suppressed immune and inflammatory responses osteoporosis o Intestinal perforation o Peptic ulcers

o Impaired wound healing Beta2 Agonists

- Short-acting beta2 agonists are intended for relieving acute symptoms and are most often administered via inhalation. By activating beta2 receptors in the lungs, the bronchi and bronchioles dilate, which relieves bronchospasm and allows more air to enter the lungs. - Used to treat symptoms associated with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Short-acting Drug: o Albuterol (systemic, inhalation) ▪ fast relief of symptoms - Adverse reactions to short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists include: o paradoxical bronchospasm tachycardia o palpitations o tremors o dry mouth - Long-acting Drug: o Salmeterol (inhalation) ▪ Used with anti-inflammatory agents, namely inhaled corticosteroids, to help control asthma - Adverse reactions to long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists include: o bronchospasm o tachycardia o palpitations o hypertension o tremors - Action: o Increase levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate by stimulating the beta2- adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation - Risk for: o toxicity Mast cell stabilizers - Drug: Cromolyn o Used for: Asthma propylaxis, Bronchial Inflammation, and Allergic rhinitis o Prevents breakdown of mast cells and prevents the release inflammatory agents like histamine from entering the tissue o Side effects: ▪ Cough ▪ Bronchospasm ▪ Increase mucous secreations o Considerations: ▪ Give at a fixed schedule Leukotriene modifiers

- Drug: Dextromethorphan o Nonopioid o Blocks receptors for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in the brain and spinal cord o Adult dosage is 10 to 30 mg every 4 to 8 hours. o Low doses = psychologic effects o At doses 5 to 10 times higher = euphoria, disorientation, paranoia, altered sense of time, and visual/auditory/tactile hallucinations H2 (histamine)-Receptor Antagonists - Drug: Cimetidine o Action: decreases production of gastric acid o Risk of lactic acidosis o Side effects: ▪ Pneumonia ▪ Anti-androgen effect ▪ CNS changes

Hallucinations
Confusion
Depression/Excitation o Considerations: ▪ Elderly patients with liver/kidney dysfunction Proton Pump Inhibitors - Suffix: prazole - Drug: Omeprazole o Used for ulcers, gastric ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and GERD, and for long-term therapy of hypersecretory conditions o Action: decreases stomach acid o A single 30-mg oral dose o Side effects: ▪ Pneumonia ▪ Hip fractures ▪ Hypomagnesium o The dosage is 20 mg once daily for 14 days, taken before the first meal of the day. o To treat Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and other hypersecretory states, doses up to 120 mg 3 times a day Mucosal Protectants - Drug: Sucralfate o Creates a protective barrier in the stomach to protect ulcers from stomach acid and pepsin to allow ulcers to heal o Side effects: ▪ Constipation ▪ Metallic taste o Considerations:

▪ Requires acidic enviorment ▪ Give on a empty stomach ▪ Oral suspension available ▪ May decrease absorption of other meds Antacids

- Drug: Magnesium hydroxide & Aluminum hydroxide o For peptic ulcer disease o Reduces the total amount of acid in the GI tract, allowing peptic ulcers to heal o Adverse effects: ▪ diarrhea ▪ constipation ▪ sodium loading ▪ electrolyte imbalances ▪ aluminum accumulation in serum o Antacids can decrease absorption of cimetidine. Accordingly, cimetidine and antacids should be administered at least 1 hour apart. o Administered 7 times a day: 1 and 3 hours after each meal and at bedtime. o Dosage: 20 to 80 mEq o Elevate gastric pH above 5 Bulk-Forming Laxative Agents - Drug: Methylcellulose o Increases stool mass and water content, promoting peristalsis o Used to help with: ▪ treat simple cases of constipation ▪ manage patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and diverticulosis o Adverse effects: ▪ intestinal obstruction ▪ fecal impaction (hard stool that can’t be removed from the rectum) ▪ esophageal obstruction (if sufficient liquid hasn’t been administered with the drug) o Should be administered with a full glass of water or juice o Should be avoided if there is narrowing of the intestinal lumen. o Powder: 1 heaping tbsp in 8 ounces cold water 1–3 times/day o Producing a soft, formed stool after 1 to 3 days of use Surfactant Laxative - Drug: Docusate sodium o Produce a soft stool several days after the onset of treatment o It inhibit fluid absorption and stimulate secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen o Should be accompanied by a full glass of water o 50–500 mg/day

o Side effects: ▪ temporal disintegration ▪ dissociation ▪ depersonalization ▪ dysphoria ▪ tachycardia ▪ hypotension ▪ drowsiness o Used with caution in patients with psychiatric disorders o Used carefully in patients with cardiovascular diseases o Should not be combined with alcohol, sedatives, and central nervous system (CNS) depressants. o Abuse potential Module 5: Prototype Medication Name - Prototype Medication Class Furosemide - High-Ceiling (Loop) Diuretics Hydrochlorothiazide - Thiazide Diuretics Spironolactone - Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Triamterene - Potassium- Sparing Diuretics Captopril - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Losartan - Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Aliskiren - Direct Renin Inhibitors Eplerenone - Aldosterone Antagonists Verapamil - Calcium Channel Blockers Nifedipine - Calcium Channel Blockers Propranolol - Beta-Adrenergic Blockers Metoprolol - Beta-Adrenergic Blockers Digoxin - Cardiac Glycoside Dopamine - Sympathomimetic Quinidine (Class IA) - Sodium Channel Blockers Lidocaine (Class IB) - Sodium Channel Blockers Amiodarone - Class III Antidysrhythmic Drugs Adenosine - Class V Antidysrhythmic Drugs Cardiovascular Drugs/Drug Classes:

Positive Inotropic drugs o Digoxin (Glycoside) & Dopamine (Sympathomimetic) - These strengthen the force of the heartbeat.
Antiarrhythmic drugs o Amiodarone & Adenosine - Used to treat abnormal rhythms of the heart, such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. - Blocks the membrane sodium, potassium, and calcium channels
Antianginal drugs o Nitroglycerin (Nitrates)

These relax smooth muscle within the blood vessels, widening them and making it easier for blood and oxygen to reach the heart o Nifedipine & Verapamil (Calcium blockers)
These prevent calcium from entering the smooth muscle cells of the heart and relax and open up the narrowed blood vessels, which reduces heart rate and lower blood pressure. o Propranolol & Metoprolol (Beta blockers)
These reduce the heart rate, the heart's workload and the heart's output of blood, which lowers blood pressure by slowing the heart.

Antihypertensive drugs o Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Spironolactone, & Triamterene (Diuretics)

These help the body get rid of excess sodium (salt) and water and help control blood pressure o Propranolol & Metoprolol (Beta-blockers)
These reduce the heart rate, the heart's workload and the heart's output of blood, which lowers blood pressure by slowing the heart. o Captopril (ACE inhibitors)
These help the body produce less angiotensin, which helps the blood vessels relax and open up, which, in turn, lowers blood pressure. o Losartan (Angiotensin II receptor blockers)
These block the angiotensin receptors so the angiotensin fails to constrict the blood vessel. This means blood vessels stay open and blood pressure is reduced. o Nifedipine & Verapamil (Calcium channel blockers)
These prevent calcium from entering the smooth muscle cells of the heart and relax and open up the narrowed blood vessels, which reduces heart rate and lower blood pressure.

Diuretics o Furosemide (Loop), Hydrochlorothiazide (Thiazide), Spironolactone & Triamterene (Potassium-Sparing)

These help the body get rid of excess sodium (salt) and water and help control blood pressure

Antiepileptic drugs o Phenytoin /Hydantoin

Level: 10-
Treats seizures by blocking sodium channels to slow down impulses in the brain
Effects: Gingival hyperplasia and Teratogenic
Monitor: blood levels
Interventions: Get up slowly, Fall precautions, Oral care/Dental check- ups, Take with food, Folic acid, Vitamin K shot, and Avoid milk
Dilantin is the commonly used antiseizure med
Low abuse potential and CNS depression o Phenobarbital
Treats seizures/epilepsy by increasing GABA receptors

dysrhythmias Antihypertensives Drugs o ACE INHIBITORS “PRIL” o BETA BLOCKERS “OLOL” o ARBS “SARTAN” o CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS o DIURETICS**** (NOT AN ANTIHYPERTENSIVE BUT LOWERS BP) DIURETICS o First-line drugs o few adverse effects o effective with mild to moderate HTN. o Decreases blood volume by eliminating water and electrolytes (K+, Mg+, and Na+) in the urine. o Also used for heart failure, renal insufficiency/acute renal failure o Interventions/Considerations:
Monitor BP (change position slowly) Hold if SBP<
Monitor daily weights and report a weight gain or loss exceeding 2 pounds in 24 hours
Monitor electrolytes, especially K+ and Na+ and kidney function
Have pt report persistent tinnitis or vertigo (ototoxicity) - What is best time for dosing? Am Loop diuretic o Ends in “ide” o Most potent o Higher risk for dehydration and hypokalemia o Examples – furosemide (Lasix), torsemide, and bumetanide (Bumex) o When potassium is low : replace (food or supplement) and hold diuretic and call MD o Interventions/Considerations:
Monitor BP (change position slowly)
Monitor daily weights and report a weight gain or loss exceeding 2 pounds in 24 hours
Monitor electrolytes, especially K+ and Na+
report tinnitis (ototoxicity)
Give in AM o Drug: Furosemide (Loop diuretic)
Known as: Lasix
Action: work in ascending loop of Henle, blocks reabsorption of Na & Cl
Treats: pulmonary edema, HF, other sources of edema, hypertension
Side Effects: dehydration, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypotension, ototoxicity
Considerations: contraindicated in anuria, avoid in pregnancy. Caution when used with other antihypertensives, digoxin toxicity can occur, lithium toxicity can occur

Interventions: monitor BP, electrolytes, check for tinnitus, dizziness, fall precautions, monitor urine output, take in AM. Potassium-Sparing diuretic o Examples: Spironolactone (Aldactone) o Weakest of all diuretics o Decreased risk of hypokalemia o Pts should avoid foods high in K+ (*caution: salt substitutes) o ACE inhibitors contraindicated (chance of hyperkalemia) o Drug: Spironolactone and Triamterene (Potassium Sparing Diuretics) Eplerenone (Aldosterone Inhibitors)
Action: blocks aldosterone action causing sodium and water retention which then results in potassium retention we causes release of sodium and water
Treats: hypertension, edema, HF
Side Effects: hyperkalemia, drowsiness, metabolic acidosis
Considerations: do not give to patients with elevated potassium, taking potassium supplements, kidney failure, or anuria
Nursing: monitor output, electrolytes, use caution with ACE inhibitors, weigh clients daily, triamterene changes urine blue, avoid salt substitutes Thiazide diuretic o end in “thiazide” o Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide - hydrodiuril (HCTZ) o Greater diuresis with loss of potassium o Risk for hypokalemia o Used in high BP frequently o Drug: Hydrochlorothiazide (Thiazide Diuretic)
Action: work in distal convoluted tubule, blocks reabsorption of sodium and chloride which prevents reabsorption of water
Treats: first choice for Hypertension, mild edema, often used in combination with other antihypertensives,
Side Effects: dehydration, low BP, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hypomagnesemia
Considerations: avoid in pregnancy, avoid in renal impairment, caution in DM, hypokalemia, with digoxin and lithium patients
Nursing: monitor for thirst, dry mouth, potassium and magnesium levels, check blood sugar frequently in Diabetics, take in AM. ACE Inhibitor o ACE inhibitors = Angiotensin-converting enzyme o Angiotensin II increases BP through vasoconstriction and water retention. o ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. o Causes vasodilation (decreases SBP) o Decreases water retention (diuretic effect) o ACE Inhibitors now the drug of choice

Considerations: do not use in patients with renal stenosis, or patients with one kidney
Nursing: monitor BP, change position slowly, monitor for facial swelling, use contraceptives
Treats:CVA Direct Renin Inhibitor o Drug: Aliskiren
Action: binds with renin, inhibits angiotensin I production which decreases angiotensin II and aldosterone
Treats: hypertension
Side Effects: angioedema, cough, rash, hyperkalemia, diarrhea, hypotension
Considerations: pregnancy D, caution in elderly patients and renal failure, be careful in asthmatics. Decreases levels of furosemide, increases other antihypertensives, statins increase aliskiren
Nursing: monitor electrolytes, GI disturbances are dose related, notify provider if dehydration is possible in elderly patients Beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta blockers) o Ends in olol o Block the sympathetic fight-or-flight response o Decrease heart rate o Decrease BP o Also used to treat angina, heart failure and ventricular dysrhythmias o Examples: metoprolol (Lopressor), atenolol (Tenormin), propranolol (Inderal), and labetolol (Trandate) o Propranolol and other beta-adrenergic blocking drugs block the natural pathway for vasodilation in patients receiving ergotamine preparations, resulting in excessive vasoconstriction and cold extremities. o Adverse effects:
decreased heart rate (bradycardia)
hypotension
Bronchoconstriction- AVOID IN COPD AND ASTHMA
fatigue and activity intolerance o Nursing considerations:
Always check heart rate and BP before giving beta blocker!
Hold if HR<60 or SBP<
Check for orthostatic hypotension
Use with caution with diabetics, liver disease - BLOCKS SIGNS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA o Drug: Metoprolol (BETA Blocker)
Action: negative chrontropic and inotropic action. Blocks sympathetic system response
Treats: hypertension, tachycardia, HF, MI, can be used in glaucoma
Side Effects: bradycardia, hypotension, lower CO, bronchoconstriction, lower blood glucose

Considerations: avoid in COPD, asthma. Use caution in myasthenia gravis, and diabetes.
Nursing: monitor BP and HR prior to administration, change positions slowly, check blood sugar frequently in diabetics Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) o Block Ca+ from entering the cell o prevents muscular contraction in cardiac muscle o Used for HTN, angina, rapid heart rate o Relaxes arterial smooth muscle (dilates coronary arteries) o decreases BP o decreases heart rate o Side effects:
peripheral edema
hypotension
headache
constipation o Nursing considerations:
Hold for SBP<90, HR <
Avoid grapefruit juice – it increases the amount of medicine that enters the blood stream!!
Limit calcium based antacids – may decrease effect of CCBs. o Drug: Verapamil, Nifedipine, Diltiazem (CCB)
Action: blocks calcium channels which vasodilate smooth muscle in vasculature
Treats: angina, hypertension, dysrhythmias, atrial fibrillation
Side Effects: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, bradycardia, peripheral edema, constipation,
Considerations: do not crush sustained released tabs, do not administer with grapefruit juice, digoxin toxicity can occur, avoid patients with severe HF,
Nursing: monitor pulse, BP, increase fiber, monitor for edema, weigh regularly, change positions slowly Cardiac glycoside o Increases strength of contraction o Side effects:
Low HR
Yellow halos, visual changes = toxicity
drug accumulation can occur : narrow therapeutic window
Antidote is digoxin immune Fab (Digibind)
Caution in renal failure o Education:
Check HR (apical) prior to administration
Hold for HR < 60 ( teach pt to check pulse prior to administration ) o Drug: Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Action: positive inotropic effects: increases force of heart contraction, increasing CO

- Lidocaine/Procainamide ▪ Adverse effects: - hypotension, - dizziness and syncope. ▪ Anticholinergic effects: - dry mouth, - constipation - and urinary retention. ▪ CNS toxicity: - confusion, - drowsiness - convulsions Antiarrhythmic drugs o Class 3 - Blocks potassium channel and prolong action potentiol - Drug: Amiodarone ▪ Action: delays repolarization, dilates coronary vessels, reduces electrical activity to AV node ▪ Treats: Atrial Fibrillation, Ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia ▪ Side Effects: pulmonary toxicity, bradycardia, visual changes, photosensitivity, liver function, thyroid function ▪ Considerations: avoid in pulmonary conditions, HF patients, ▪ Nursing: avoid grape juice, takes 3 weeks to work, keep out of sun, wear sunscreen, monitor HR, baseline chest xrays and LFTs, monitor for blurred vision and signs of blindness o Class 5 - Slow calcium channel blockers - Organic compound (nucleoside) - Drug: Adenosine ▪ Action: decreases conduction through AV node ▪ Treats: SVT (supraventricular tachycardia), WPW (Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome) ▪ Side Effects: bradycardia, hypotension, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, facial flushing ▪ Considerations: have resuscitation equipment nearby, EKG confirmation of heart rhythm prior to administration ▪ Nursing: monitor rhythm on heart monitor, medication effects last 1 minute Sympathomimetic o Drug: Dopamine

Action: catecholamine, alpha and beta receptor agonist, stimulates heart rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, dilates blood vessels of kidneys
Treats: hypotension, bradycardia, low urine output, shock, tissue perfusion
Side Effects: tachycardia, hypertension, necrosis or limbs, chest pain, nauseas and vomitting

Considerations: extravasation can occur at the IV site, avoid in patients with diabetes, angina, hypertension. Toxicity can occur with MAOIs, effects are intensified by TCAs
Nursing: IV pumps must be used, monitor urine output, check extremities for perfusion (capillary refill), Module 6: Prototype Medication Name - Prototype Medication Class Lovastatin - HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) Colesevelam - Bile-Acid Sequestrants Ezetimibe - selective cholesterol-absorption inhibitors Nitroglycerin - Organic Nitrates Heparin - Anticoagulants Enoxaparin - Anticoagulants Warfarin - Vitamin K Antagonist Dabigatran - Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Rivaroxaban - Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors Apixaban - Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors Aspirin - Antiplatelet Drugs Clopidogrel - P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist Epoetin alfa - Erythropoietic Growth Factors Filgrastim - Leukopoietic Growth Factors Oprelvekin - Thrombopoietic Growth Factors Factor VIII - concentrates Drugs for Hemophilia Factor IX - concentrates Drugs for Hemophilia Desmopressin - Drugs for Hemophilia HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) o Suffix: -statin o Adverse reactions:
Myalgia
GI reactions
Alter liver function studies
Increasing aspartate aminotransferase
Alanine aminotransferase
Alkaline phosphatase
Bilirubin levels
Pancreatitis
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis o Drug used: Atorvastatin & Lovastatin
Used for: ▪ High cholesterol
Action: ▪ Decrease LDL (low density lipoprotein) and cholesterol levels and increase HDL (high density lipoprotein) and decrease triglycerides

Organic Nitrates o Drug: Nitroglycerin

Used for: ▪ Angina
Action: ▪ Dilates veins which decreases myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing preload. Nitroglycerin does NOT reduce chest pain by dilating coronary arteries. ▪ Rapid onset of action
Who cannot take it? ▪ Clients who are hypotensive. ▪ Clients who use sildenafil or other PDE5 inhibitors. Note: PDE5 inhibitors are used by men and women for conditions other than erectile dysfunction (e.g., pulmonary hypertension, Raynaud's, vasculitis). Ask all clients about PDE5 use before administering nitroglycerin.
Who is at an increased risk for complications? ▪ Clients using drugs that reduce blood pressure.
Adverse effects: ▪ Headache, orthostatic hypotension, and reflex tachycardia.
Considerations: ▪ Alcohol may increase the risk for hypotension. ▪ Antihypertensives may increase the risk for hypotension. ▪ Assess BP before giving ▪ Protect from light
Dosage: ▪ Can give up to 3 doses 5 min apart
Transdermal nitrates (a patch or ointment placed on the skin) are absorbed slowly- prevent chronic angina
Swallowed nitrate capsules are absorbed through the mucous membranes of the GI tract, and only about one-half of the dose enters circulation
I.V. nitroglycerin, which doesn’t need to be absorbed, goes directly into circulation Anticoagulants o Drug: Heparin
Used for: ▪ Heart attacks, Angina, DVT, and PE
Action: ▪ Is a blood thinner to prevent blood clots ▪ Inhibit platelet aggregation
Side effects: ▪ Hemorrhage ▪ HIT (heparin induced thrombocytopenia)
Considerations: ▪ Monitor aPPT (activated partial thromboplastin time) ▪ Safe during pregnancy because doesn’t affect placenta or fetus

Antidote: ▪ Protamine-Sulfate o Drug: Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
Used for: ▪ DVT and PE
Action: ▪ Prevents blood clots ▪ Inhibit platelet aggregation
Side effects: ▪ HIT (heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia – immune mediated reaction) ▪ Bleeding
Considerations: ▪ Sub-Q injection ▪ 2inch from umbilicus or incisions
Antidote: ▪ Protamine-Sulfate Vitamin K Antagonist o Drug: Warfarin
Used for: ▪ Stroke from atrial fibrillation, DVT, PE, and Clients with prosthetic heart valves
Action: ▪ Blood thinner ▪ Inhibit platelet aggregation
Who cannot take it? ▪ Clients with vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, alcoholism, thrombocytopenia, uncontrollable bleeding, pregnancy, and lactation.
Who is at an increased risk for complications? ▪ Anyone at risk for bleeding.
Adverse effects: ▪ Hemorrhage ▪ Monitor closely for signs of bleeding (reduced blood pressure, increased heart rate, bruises, petechiae, hematomas, red or black stools, cloudy or discolored urine, pelvic pain, headache, and back pain). ▪ Fetal hemorrhage and teratogenesis from use during pregnancy.
Considerations: ▪ A diet high in vitamin K ▪ Warfarin interacts with a multitude of drugs.
Common examples are heparin, aspirin, antiplatelet drugs, acetaminophen, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and rifampin. ▪ Should be instructed to avoid all prescription drugs, OTC drugs, vitamins, and dietary supplements ▪ Patients taking warfarin need close monitoring of prothrombin time and International Normalized Ratios to make sure they are maintaining therapeutic levels of the drug.

Pharm Exam 2 Module 4: Prototype Medication Name - Prototype Medication Class, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Pharmacology

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Pharm Exam 2 Module 4: Prototype Medication Name - Prototype Medication Class and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity!

Pharm Exam 2 Module 4: Prototype Medication Name

- Prototype Medication Class