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this lecture notes cover the different type of fallacy and biases with explanation and examples
Typology: Lecture notes
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fal·la·cy a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument. in logic: a failure in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. Formal fallacy Informal fallacy
1.If P , then Q. 2.P. 3.Therefore, Q.
1.If P , then Q. 2.not P. 3.Therefore, not Q.
Informal fallacies
Poisoning the well – presenting adverse information about a target person with the intention of discrediting everything that the target person says. Appeal to motive – dismissing an idea by questioning the motives of its proposer. Tone policing – focusing on emotion behind a message rather than the message itself as a discrediting tactic.
Premise 1: Peter is a genius Premise 2: Peter says X Conclusion: X is right
Premise 1: You have said X Premise 2: X is not true Promise 3: People who say untrue things are liars Conclusion: You are a liar Response: No! You are a liar!
Premise 1: Peter says X Premise 2: X is wrong Conclusion: Peter is wrong
Premise 1: You can’t proof that not-X Premise 2: Things that you cannot proof are not true Conclusion: not-X is not true Premise 1: not-X is not true Premise 2: Either X is true or not-X is true Conclusion: X is true
1.If P , then Q. 2.Q. 3.Therefore, P.
Premise 1: All feathers are light Premise 2: What is light cannot be dark Conclusion: No feather is dark Refusing to give up personal freedom to help fight terrorism is un- American Giving up personal freedom to help fight terrorism is un-American
Premise 1: I am aware of X happening Premise 2: I am unaware of Y happening Conclusion: X is more likely than Y
