Philosophy Module 3 and 4, High school final essays of Philosophy

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INTRODUCTION TO THE

PHILOSOPHY OF THE

HUMAN PERSON

QUARTER 1 – MODULE 5 AND 6: PERSON’S LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE

REVIEW

• (^) is something that is true and can be verified as such. You can find facts in legal records, scientific findings, encyclopedias, atlases, etc. in other words, facts are the truth and are accepted as such.

Facts

Opinio

n

• (^) is a statement that holds the element of belief; it tells how someone feels. In other words it is what someone believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth.

FALLACIES

Ad hominem

Ad hominem

Appeal to force

Appeal to force

Appeal to emotion

Appeal to emotion

Appeal to the popular

Appeal to the popular

Appeal to the tradition

Appeal to the tradition

Begging the question

Begging the question

Cause- and-Effect

Cause- and-Effect

Fallacy of Compositi on

Fallacy of Compositi on

Fallacy of Division

Fallacy of Division

BIASES

Corresponden

ce bias or

attribution

effect

Corresponden

ce bias or

attribution

effect

Confirmation

Bias

Confirmation

Bias Framing

Framing

Hindsight^ Hindsight

Conflict of

Interest

Conflict of

Interest Cultural Bias

Cultural Bias

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY

• (^) Philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a

philosophical manner.

• (^) The methods of philosophy will help in learning the

process of doing philosophy in a systematic way.

• (^) The methodology or method that philosophers use

to address philosophical question is critical thinking

CRITICAL THINKING

• (^) Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational

and systematic approach to questions of very

general interest. Critical thinking means

understanding philosophy and refraining from

merely giving claims but through careful thought,

one reasons through to argumentation.

PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD

Socratic^ Socratic^ DialecticDialectic^ ScientificScientific

Historical/ Epistemolog ical

Historical/ Epistemolog ical

• (^) is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions.

SOCRATIC METHOD

• The scientific

method is an

empirical method

of acquiring

knowledge.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• (^) the philosophical study

of the nature, origin,

and limits of human

knowledge. In simple

words, epistemology

focuses on what is

known to be true.

HISTORICAL / EPISTEMOLOGICAL METHOD

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

• (^) In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes

first, followed by main points, and the last will

be the supporting data, facts, examples, and

evidences. General idea comes first before

the specific or particular idea.

INDUCTIVE REASONING

• (^) In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts,

examples, and evidences come first followed by

the main points and conclusion will be the last part.

This is the opposite of deductive reasoning

because a particular idea comes first before the

general idea.