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PJM Generation Cert Exam with
complete solution 2026
Actions in low voltage alert? - ANSWERS-Review transmission & generation outages Request reactive reserve check Heavy load voltage schedule warning purpose is to have members prepare far max support of voltages on the? - ANSWERS-Bulk Power System Manual load dump warning & reduction of Non-critical plant load issued when? - ANSWERS-Primary reserve is less the the largest generating unit. Loss of transmission facility jeopardize reliability after all possible measures have been taken to increase reserves Hot weather alert - ANSWERS-COMED 90 DOM & EKPC 95 PJM issues high system voltage message - ANSWERS-Gen operators should operate the lower end of their voltage bandwidth Primary reserve warning - ANSWERS-Ensure deffer able Maintenance is halted General actions PJM takes when conservating ops initiated? - ANSWERS-Purchase/load additional reserves begin studying double contingencies Lower IROL Increase # of SOS calls Purpose of heavy voltage schedule action is to increase reactive reserves - ANSWERS- EHV system National terrorism advisory system 2 types of alerts? - ANSWERS-Elevated threat Imminent threat Non-critical plant load - ANSWERS-lighting, office area a/c
Purpose of capacity emergency warning? - ANSWERS-keep members informed of actual capacity shortages or contingencies that may jeopardize reliability during RT ops keep all affected system personnel aware of the forecast and actual status of the PJM RTO Heavy load voltage schedule action - ANSWERS-Gen operators- maintain MVAR reserve on units connected to EHV During cold weather action - ANSWERS-Assume an unavailability rate for scheduled generation During terrorism/sabotage emphasis on? - ANSWERS-Operations & communications For voltage support TOs can request? - ANSWERS-Generators stay online During Restoration what is removed from service until sufficient load restored to maintain voltage - ANSWERS-Shunt capacitors Freq change=(load change/connected capacity)X Gov droop in percentage - ANSWERS- LMP calculated day ahead market - ANSWERS-Every hour RT every 5mins Penalty factor - - ANSWERS-incremental loss for a bus used to include the effect of losses on the dispatch All call types - ANSWERS-Operational, Emergency Messages, Informational Voltage reduction Alert- - ANSWERS-Est. operating reserve capacity is less than forecasted synchronized reserve equipment Generation owners - ANSWERS-Must handle environmental Alerts Emergency requires action to? - ANSWERS-Maintain freq prevent load loss, ensure safety and reliability Alerts - ANSWERS-Advance of operating day Warning & actions - ANSWERS-During that day Emergency situation - ANSWERS-Implement procedures within 30min STE- Short term emergency rating - ANSWERS-
Regulation - ANSWERS-Energy under automatic control that can respond within 5 Min and to freq changes Correct for small load changes Synchronized reserves - ANSWERS-generators respond within 10 min increase output from generator reduction in load from a resource max output energy of synchronous condensor Operating Reserves - ANSWERS-Primary reserve T< or = 10min Synchronized & quick start reserve Supplemental reserve 1010mw >1mw connected to 24Kv+bus Satilite phone for 500mw + operators data change during - ANSWERS- Peak load periods - ANSWERS-Summer prior to 11EPT Winter Between 10:30-14:30 EPT Voltage instabilities are shown by? - ANSWERS-large changes in voltage with small changes in load
Reactive capability curves - ANSWERS-2 to 8 points eDart - ANSWERS-Electronic dispatcher application and reporting tool Must notify PJM of outages in how long in advance? - ANSWERS-30 days What is the peak maintenance period - ANSWERS-24th wed - 36th wed of the year Planned outage extensions must be? - ANSWERS-48 hrs prior to expiration Maintenance outage is an outage that can be deffered until when? - ANSWERS-Next monday Unplanned outage must inform who - ANSWERS-PJM Gen Dispatcher eFORD-Equivalent demand forced outage rate - ANSWERS- Owners must review & confirm reactive capabilities every? - ANSWERS-bi-anually leading-remove MVARS - ANSWERS-Lagging-adding MVARS Generator reactive testing - ANSWERS-units => 20mw or aggregate 75mw Blackstart and synchronous condensers => 20mw Generator reactive testing required how often? - ANSWERS-Every 5 years Before Generator reactive testing you must give how much notice? - ANSWERS-PJM Reliability Engineer 3hr notice 30Min to TO&PJM. unlimited /limited energy capability based on 10hrs - ANSWERS- Testing give 3 day notice in eDart - ANSWERS-There is no penalty for not meeting reactive capability but PJM will investigate to ensure adequate values PJM maintenance peak season consecutive days limit - ANSWERS-9 days Who can cancel testing - ANSWERS-PJM or TO AVR/Reactive changes updated in eDart by Gen Owner - ANSWERS- PJM restoration manual (M36) reviewed how often? - ANSWERS-Yearly Cranking power to neighbor companies before internal load restored - ANSWERS-
Most important factor for Gen unit during restoration? - ANSWERS-Type of unit, status of unit(availability) Dynamic stability is? - ANSWERS-The ability of a units control system to dampen out small oscillations caused by small disturbances TO must test blackstart gen every? - ANSWERS-3yrs Black start generators must be able to - ANSWERS-Pick up isolated blocks of load Dynamic off-line testing of its gov control Operators responsible for black start unit must - ANSWERS-be given training 2hrs of training every 2 years instantaneous reserve chack-IRC - ANSWERS-Minimum of 1 day before peak load respond within 10min Keep eDart updated hourly IRC components - ANSWERS-Operating & synchronized reserves Quick start & supplemental IRC primary reserve - ANSWERS-synchronized & quick start IRC tool is in? - ANSWERS-eDart Operating reserves is total MW attainable in? - ANSWERS-30min SSR-supplementary status report - ANSWERS-Respond within 10min (usually CTs, hydro) + online gen SSR - ANSWERS-Resource limited units less than 72hrs left @ rated cap Max emergency = - ANSWERS-(Emergency max - Eco max) Any CT that cant run at max capacity for? - ANSWERS-8hrs must be listed as max emergency Steam-32hrs Oil or Diesel-16hrs SSR provide - ANSWERS-Gen capacity, resource limitations and full emergency load response Wind Gen Considerations communications - ANSWERS-Must supply MET data, scheduling, follow PJM directives & emergencies
MET must display - ANSWERS-Active MW, wind sped and direction IROL- Interconnection reliability operating limits - ANSWERS->500mw must have sat phone MOC-Market operations center - ANSWERS-LOC-Lost opportunity cast- use the forecast output not name plate Unplanned outage - ANSWERS-Trip of units Planned outages - ANSWERS-Submitted no later than 31 days prior to outage Maintenance outage - ANSWERS-May be deffered beyond the next week but before planned (31 days) Maintenance outage peak season OR PPM- Peak PEriod Maintenance - ANSWERS-24-36th Wed of each year maintenance outage peak season max days? - ANSWERS-9days (Max 5 business days) MET tower calibrated every? - ANSWERS-year Every generator must be able to communicate with? - ANSWERS-PJM or its local control center Every wind farm must have? - ANSWERS-1 MET tower Flat freq mode - ANSWERS-Freq only used for island Flat tie line - ANSWERS-Net interchange only and used for restoration Tie line Bias - ANSWERS-Freq and Net Interchange Standard! Disturbances return ace in and what MW amount must you report? - ANSWERS-NERC- return ACE to predetermind conditioon in 15min PJM-return in 10min Must report equal to or greater than 800mw eGADS(Generator availability data system) is? - ANSWERS-After the fact database for analysis
Regulation capacity must be within? - ANSWERS-eco min and eco max of unit. Regulation updates must be made within? - ANSWERS-60min prior to the beginning of the desired operating hour Form OE-417 (DOE) used for? - ANSWERS-disturbance of the BES Emergency alert - ANSWERS-within 1hr (physical damage mostly) Normal alert - ANSWERS-within 6hrs (not as drastic as emergency alert) (Mostly incidents that have the potential to impact BES) Nerc standard EOP-004-2 - ANSWERS-Used for event reporting must have reporting plan events shall be reported within 24hrs yearly contract verification Also filed with NERC & RFC/SERC within 24hrs Final report of an event is due within? - ANSWERS-72hrs Electrical system separation report in> - ANSWERS-1hr Transmission owners are responsible for reporting? - ANSWERS-Loss of offsite power to Nuclear plant Entity must report comms loss lasting longer than? - ANSWERS-30min Island reported if lager than? - ANSWERS-100mw member transmission companies must update restoration report? - ANSWERS-Every 30min or 10 lines Transmission owners direct gen loading during? - ANSWERS-Restoration to match load restored Black start units must - ANSWERS-Maintain freq/voltage during load changes Tested annually Must have procedures Run for 16 hours or as defined by TO During restoration PJM is responsible for? - ANSWERS-Identifying opportunity to eastern interconnection and restoration of EHC system Reactive reserve check during heavy load/low voltage expect to be reported within - ANSWERS-5-10min
Intermittent recources (i.e wind) do not participate in ancillary services - ANSWERS- unit is resource limited if it has? - ANSWERS-<72hrs SSR - ANSWERS-online capacity and units able to be in 10min reported Low voltage alert - ANSWERS-review trans&gen outages and request RRC Events that are req to be reported to NERC within 24hrs, member companies must submit info to? - ANSWERS-PJM at 18hrs NERC energy emergency Alert lvl 1 issued during? - ANSWERS-MAx gen emergency alert Self scheduled regulation - ANSWERS-Assigned in hourly regulation market EEA 1 (all resources committed) - ANSWERS-During max emergency gen alert EEA2 (procedures implemented? - ANSWERS-Emergency mandatory load management or voltage reduction action EEA 3 (load obligation interruption) - ANSWERS-load dump action Resources can only provide 2 of 3 reserve obligations at one time. - ANSWERS- synchronized, regulation, day ahead schedule Load response - ANSWERS-MW/0.1hz AVR change - ANSWERS-Notify in 30min Outage capacity in PJM - ANSWERS-16% summer 31% winter response time for Eco re-dispatch - ANSWERS->5min Max congestion bid day ahead price - ANSWERS-$50/mwh BAAL pass value - ANSWERS-98% Outage approval can be revoked - ANSWERS-24hrs prior by PJM Pjm restoration drill every? - ANSWERS-2 years PJM regulation tests - ANSWERS-40min
Monitoring LMP may give insight into? - ANSWERS-System constraints PJM calls for what to recover ACE so that tie line schedules are maintained? - ANSWERS-100% spinning reserves If not canceled by PJM, the min gen alert expires? - ANSWERS-At end of specified light load When PJM declares hot weather alert, gen dispatcher should... - ANSWERS-determine if maintenance can be deferred. Notify all generating stations and key personnel During system restoration frequency maintained to? - ANSWERS-59.75 - 61.0 Hz During system restoration, two types of reserves? - ANSWERS-Dynamic and Spinning PJM issues heavy load voltage schedule, generation facilities should? - ANSWERS- Ensure voltage regulators are on auto. A unit being dispatched economically by PJM should set it's mega watt output based on? - ANSWERS-Unit dispatch rate or desired mw level A fossil steam unit is considered fuel limited when it's not capable of running at it's max capacity for? - ANSWERS-72 hours During system restoration, prior to synchronization of a unit, the dispatcher should ensure sufficient load for? - ANSWERS-Stabilize the unit operation A large unit in external control earlier trips - PGM operator will see ACE - ANSWERS- Remain the same frequency decrease LMPs will change? - ANSWERS-When marginal generator output changes 2 control signals send by PJM? - ANSWERS-Regulation and dispatch rate (desired mw) In real time, a CT scheduled by PJM in day ahead market, should? - ANSWERS-Only start when requested by PJM Which is one way communication? - ANSWERS-All call Real time bus prices may be monitored using? - ANSWERS-eDATA Which of the following actions is violation of PGM 2 settlement market rules? - ANSWERS-Not bidding an available PJM capacity resource into day ahead market
Unit that fails to start when scheduled would be what type of outage? - ANSWERS- Forced Max emergency generation declared when? - ANSWERS-Generation is required above highest incremental economic system cost Maintenance outages are permitted when - ANSWERS-Unit can be held online until Monday and system reliability not affected Which of the following reports with PJM request when max emergency gen alert is issued? - ANSWERS-Supplementary status report If a fossil steam unit has less than 32 hours of fuel at max capacity, it should be bid at? - ANSWERS-Max emergency The loss of a large generation unit on the PGM system can be detected by monitoring - ANSWERS-Frequency and PJM ACE A member company has 600 mw of steam, 200 mw of CT and 100mw of hydro. Load factors (governor response) are 5%, 25% and 15% - also 50 mw of load with UF load shedding enabled. What is the total governor reserve capability of companies CT, Steam and hydro? - ANSWERS-95 mw PJM ACE indicated under gen of 1050 mw, what actions need to be taken? - ANSWERS-Request 100% spinning reserves be loaded. Which of the following emergency procedures are issued in advance of a scheduled load period to allow sufficient time for gen dispatcher to prepare for anticipate capacity shortages? - ANSWERS-Alerts When preparing a supplemental status report, a steam unit had 30 hrs of fuel. Unit should be reported as? - ANSWERS-Resource limited unit PJM responded to capacity shortages by issuing alerts? - ANSWERS-In advance of a scheduled load. To allow sufficient time for members to prepare for anticipated initial capacity shortages. During black start restoration, priority access to cranking power should be given to? - ANSWERS-Hot units that can return to service immediately What factor doesn't influence load forecast? - ANSWERS-Planned generation outages Severe cold weather conditions, require which of the following to be staffed, started and loaded? - ANSWERS-CTs and EDG
To qualify to supply regulation in PJM regulation market resources has to respond within - ANSWERS-5 minutes In order to maximize MVAR generator output, operator may need to? - ANSWERS- Decrease mw output of unit (based on generator capability curve) Regulation test quality standard - ANSWERS-75% on 3 consecutive tests Priot to removing self scheduled generator from service, PJM member must? - ANSWERS-give PGM option to take over unit for market Back up control signal known as - ANSWERS-Analog control When PJM sends out a cost signal to generators to adjust output they adjust the output of the unit based on the units? - ANSWERS-Price or cost curve incremental Self scheduled generator output changes (mw) adjusted in what amount of time - ANSWERS-20 minutes prior to change PJM regulation tests last how long? - ANSWERS-40 minutes NERC control standards requiring 100% score? - ANSWERS-CPS1 and DCS When PJM activated shared reserves with NPCC, what is the normal ramp of the mw when event is activated - ANSWERS-0 minutes Threshold for PJM assigning/deassigning regulation to generators. - ANSWERS-+ or - 15 mw of requirement Geo magnetic activity is greater than 10 amps and TWO facilities - ANSWERS-PJM implements conservative operations What would cause all gen owner operators to submit emergency reducible info - ANSWERS-Min gen alert Cold weather alert at? - ANSWERS-10F MVAR per mile of 500KV transmission line? - ANSWERS-1.7 MVAR per Mile LMP calculated? - ANSWERS-Every 5 minutes Which of the following is not an option for satisfying a companies regulation obligation?
- ANSWERS-Cannot purchase regulation from a generator outside of PJM
PJM has peak load of 85,000 mw. Your company has 10% regulation requirements. What mw value is that? - ANSWERS-85 mw (1% required, 10% of that is what the company requires) What is acceptable to submit as part of bid into day ahead market? - ANSWERS-Start up and no load costs Not considered when clearing day ahead market - ANSWERS-Load forecast What is sent from PJM to MOC - ANSWERS-Dispatch cost, ACE, regulation signal During system restoration, who directs the loading of gen to match load? - ANSWERS- TO Heavy load voltage schedule warning, typically issued? - ANSWERS-4 hours prior to actual implimentation PJM provides members what during min gen alerts? - ANSWERS-Adjusted min gen valley, and load estimates, and margin valued Synchronized reserves are less that synchronized reserves requirment - ANSWERS- Voltage reduction warning Estimate operating reserve capacity is less than the forecasted sync reserve requirement - ANSWERS-Voltage reduction alert
