Download Pathophysiology Exam Questions and Answers: Module 9 - Endocrine System and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231/BIOD 331
Module 9 Exam All Versions Latest Update
All Versions Of Exam 9 Categorized By Question Types 2025
NURS 231/BIOD 231 Pathophysiology Portage Learning.
Table of Contents
Version Exam 9.1..................................................................................................................................... 1 Version Exam 9.2..................................................................................................................................... 5 Version Exam 9.3..................................................................................................................................... 8 Version Exam 9.4................................................................................................................................... 15 Version Exam 9.5................................................................................................................................... 20
Questions Type Breakdown In Each Version
➢ True and false: ➢ Matching, multiple choice and short answer: ➢ Clinical questions: Only questions are provided for clinical questions as examinees are strongly encouraged to answer them in their own words. All the Best!
Version Exam 9.
True And False: Questions if False make the statement True An endocrine hormone is released into circulation to act on a target organ. True A paracrine action occurs when a hormone exerts an action on the cells that produced it. False A paracrine hormone is a hormone that produces a biologic action on the cell that released them. False A paracrine hormone is a hormone that acts locally on cells other than those that produce the hormone. True An autocrine action occurs when a hormone exerts an action on the cells that released them. True Hormones travel through the bloodstream attached to transport carriers only. False Hormones work through receptors, and the speed of this action varies. True The number of hormone receptors on a cell stays the same. false Most hormones are controlled through positive feedback. False Most hormones are controlled through negative feedback. True
hormones must be shut off in order to prevent accumulation. True Hormones travel through the bloodstream attached to transport carriers only. False Target cells must have receptors to recognize a hormone and translate the signal into a cellular response. True Glycogenesis means glucose formation. False Insulin promotes glycogenesis and glycolysis. True The production and release of hormones by the hypothalamus requires stimulation by the pituitary gland. False When the body is in starvation mode, it breaks down fat into ketones. True Those with prediabetes have an increased risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. True Diabetes can be diagnosed by a fasting blood sugar, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, or hemoglobin A1C. True Of all the people with diabetes, approximately 70% have type 2 diabetes. False 90% do Type 2 diabetics can improve hyperglycemia with weight loss. True Hemoglobin A1C measures glucose control over the previous 6 months. False Matching, Multiple Choice And Short Answer: Redistribution of body fat with round moon face, dorsal "buffalo hump," and relatively thin extremities suggests which of the following: cushing syndrome The following clinical measurements or lab values are commonly seen with Cushing syndrome EXCEPT: hyponatremia Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT: hyperglycemia Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT: retention of sodium What hormone affects nutrient metabolism, regulates blood glucose levels, and has anti- inflammatory actions? cortisol Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with each of the following characteristics EXCEPT: gradual, suble onset Each of the following are characteristics of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT: myxedema The following are common signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome EXCEPT: weight loss Addison's disease is due to which of the following: adrenal gland dysfunction Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with each of the following characteristics EXCEPT: strong family history Each of the following are true about metabolic syndrome EXCEPT: pear shaped obesity
- There are ways to prevent and/or control progression of diabetic kidney disease (nephropathy). Name 4 of them: Tight glycemic control; blood pressure control (<130/80); hyperlipidemia treatment; smoking cessation; and limiting proteinuria through ACE inhibitors or ARBs, or protein restriction.
- A 45-year-old obese, sedentary male has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. What are 2 strategies to help him normalize his blood sugars? List 2 other macrovascular complications he is at risk for and how you would screen for them? (1) Diet, exercise, and weight loss may be all that they need to control blood glucose levels. Even moderate weight loss of 5-10% of total body weight has been shown to improve glucose control. (2) Hypertension and hyperlipidemia - checking blood pressure and screening with a serum lipid panel.
- Your diabetic patient with neuropathy is at risk for developing a foot ulcer. How would you instruct him to care for his feet? List at least 3. Wear proper fitting shoes, daily feet inspection to look for blisters, sores, or signs of infection. Avoid smoking, cold temperature, bare feet.
- Why are foot ulcers such a big problem with diabetics? Trauma or infection may be present, but undetected due to the loss of sensation and pain. It is worsened by vascular insufficiency and the decreased ability to heal. Clinical questions: Only questions are provided for clinical questions as examinees are strongly encouraged to answer them in their own words.
- List and describe the 3 most common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus? How would you screen for these complications? (1) Retinopathy, which are microvascular changes in the retina that can lead to blindness; nephropathy, which is kidney disease caused by damage to the small vessels that can lead to renal failure; and neuropathy, which is nerve damage that causes weakness, numbness, or pain, typically in the hands or feet. (2) Retinopathy- annual dilated eye exams; (3) Nephropathy- annual urine microalbumin test; Neuropathy- monofilament test to assess sensation, vascular status, and skin integrity, should be administered annually
- People with diabetes should be followed closely by their health care provider to monitor glycemic control and be screened regularly for complications. List 5 ways they should be screened: Checking weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C, lipid profile, serum creatinine, microalbumin, foot exam, dilated eye exams, and dental exam. Define endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine. Endocrine: Hormones are released to circulation to act on a target organ (i.e. TSH, ADH) Paracrine: Hormones act locally on cells close to where they are released (i.e. estrogen and testosterone) Autocrine: Hormones produce a biologic action on the cell that released them (i.e. insulin) What are the different structural types of hormones? (1) amines and amino acids; (2) peptides and proteins; and (3) steroids, which are made from cholesterol
What is the function of the hypothalamus? The hypothalamus serves to link the nervous system to the endocrine system. It regulates homeostasis, body temperature, hunger, behavior, emotion, and pain. The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones, which stimulate the pituitary to release stimulating hormones. What is the role of the pituitary gland? The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland," since it stimulates target organs to secrete their hormones. Explain the concept of negative feedback and give an example: Negative feedback is how the body maintains homeostasis, or equilibrium. The brain is constantly monitoring hormone levels to keep levels within its certain range or set-point. Negative feedback prevents over-secretion of any hormone. The action of ADH, which dilutes the blood, is one example. Once the blood is dilute, the hypothalamus detects the dilute levels and stops releasing ADH. Explain the concept of positive feedback and give an example: Positive feedback enhances or increases the amount of the hormone that is released. One example is oxytocin, a hormone that causes the uterus to contract. The action of the uterus contracting causes more oxytocin to be released. Explain the ways in which hormones can be over-secreted: Increased hormone secretion can occur from any of the following reasons: (1) the target gland over- secretes due to pathology; (2) the pituitary or hypothalamus over-stimulates the target gland; (3) hormones are being produced from a different site (i.e. hormone producing tumor); (4) hyperactive genetic mutation of the target hormone receptors. Define glycogenesis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis. Glycogenesis is when insulin is released from the beta cells of the pancreas to promote glucose uptake into the cells and store it as glycogen, fat, and protein. Glycolysis is when glucose is broken down for energy (also by insulin). Glucagon is produced by the alpha cells. It decreases glycolysis and increases gluconeogenesis, which is glucose formation and glycogenolysis, which is the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose. Version Exam 9. 2
T/F: Most hormones are controlled through positive feedback. ANS: false (negative feedback) Type 2 diabetics can improve hyperglycemia with weight loss. ANS: true Diabetes can be diagnosed by a fasting blood sugar, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, or hemoglobin A1C. ANS: true A 45-year-old obese, sedentary male has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. What are 2 strategies to help him normalize his blood sugars? List 2 other macrovascular complications he is at risk for and how you would screen for them? ANS: (1) Diet, exercise, and weight loss may be all that they need to control blood glucose levels. Even moderate weight loss of 5-10% of total body weight has been shown to improve glucose control. (2) Hypertension and hyperlipidemia - checking blood pressure and screening with a serum lipid panel. Why are foot ulcers such a big problem with diabetics? ANS: vascular damage, decreased sensation from diabetic neuropathy, poor wound healing, increased risk of bacterial infections from hyperglycemia. If foot wounds are left untreated, they could become infected, gangrenous, necrotic, and eventually require amputation of toes, feet, the lower leg, or entire extremity. The following are each diagnostic of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) EXCEPT: ANS: ketoacidosis Which drug therapy for diabetes does not cause hypoglycemia and has a side effect of weight loss, making it a popular oral antidiabetic treatment? ANS: biguanides (metformin) People with diabetes should be followed closely by their health care provider to monitor glycemic control and be screened regularly for complications. List 5 ways they should be screened: Your Answer: ANS: Checking weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C, lipid profile, serum creatinine, microalbumin, foot exam, dilated eye exams, and dental exam. Normal fasting blood sugars in people without diabetes are between _____. ANS: 70-100 mg/dL An early detection of diabetic nephropathy is through the ____ ____ test. ANS: urine microalbumin
____ ____ is the leading cause of blindness and vision loss in the US. ANS: diabetic retinopathy ____ is an oral antidiabetic drug that does not cause hypoglycemia and has a side effect of weight loss. ANS: biguanides, metformin (yes, this Q is on the test twice...) Version Exam 9. 3 Redistribution of body with round moon face, dorsal "buffalo hump", and relatively thin extremities suggests which of the following: Addison's disease Diabetes mellitus Cushing syndrome Hyperthyroidism Cushing syndrome The following are common signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome EXCEPT: Hypoglycemia Mood changes Muscle weakness Amenorrhea Hypoglycemia Each of the following are treatments of Addison's disease EXCEPT? Hormone therapy for life Regular mealtimes ACE inhibitors Higher dose of hormones during stress
B. Cortisol C. Parathyroid D. Thyroid D. Thyroid The posterior pituitary releases which of the following hormones? Select all that apply A. Prolactin B. Oxytocin C. ADH D. ACTH E. GH B. Oxytocin C. ADH Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with each of the following characteristics EXCEPT: A. Strong family history B. Precipitated by an autoimmune process C. Onset in childhood D. Propensity to ketoacidosis A. Strong family history Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with each of the following characteristics EXCEPT: A. Normal or increased insulin synthesis B. Autoimmune origin C. Onset in adults D. Obesity E. Rare ketoacidosis B. Autoimmune origin
(T/F) Glycolysis, in which glucose is broken down for energy, is produced by glucagon. False When the body is in starvation mode, it breaks down fat into ketones. (T/F) True (T/F) Most hormones are controlled through negative feedback. True (T/F) People with type 1 diabetes can start treatment with an oral anti-diabetic agent. False (T/F) Testing for diabetes should be done on everyone initially at age 60. False A 45 year old obese, sedentary male has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. What are 2 strategies to help him normalize his blood sugars? List 2 other macrovascular complications he is at risk for and how you would screen for them.
- Diet, exercise, and weight loss may be all that they need to control blood glucose levels. Even moderate weight loss of 5-10% of total body weight has proven to improve glucose control.
- Hypertension and hyperlipidemia- checking blood pressure and screening with a serum lipid panel. There are ways to prevent and/or control progression of diabetic kidney disease (nephropathy). Name 4 of them.
The risk factors for _____ ________ include hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, altered platelet function, endothelial dysfunction, elevated fibrinogen levels, and systemic inflammation. Macrovascular complications/ disease _____ _____ ______ is diagnosed by hyperglycemia (blood glucose > 500 mg/dL), hyperosmolatiry, and dehydration, without ketoacidosis. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) Which drugs are contraindicated in heart failure patients due to exacerbation of CHF by fluid accumulation? Thiazolidinediones (TZDs or glitazones) What syndrome has an increased production of glucocorticoids? Cushing's The following are common signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome EXCEPT: hypoglycemia Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT: hyperglycemia T/F: An endocrine hormone is released into circulation to act on a target organ. true
T/F: A paracrine action occurs when a hormone exerts an action on the cells that produced it. false T/F: Hormones travel through the bloodstream attached to transport carriers only. false Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with each of the following characteristics EXCEPT: gradual, subtle onset Each of the following are characteristics of diabetes mellitus except: myxedema (myxedema is associated with hypothyroid) T/F: Glycogenesis means glucose formation. False (glycogen formation) T/F: Most hormones are controlled through positive feedback. False (negative feedback) Type 2 diabetics can improve hyperglycemia with weight loss. True Diabetes can be diagnosed by a fasting blood sugar, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, or hemoglobin A1C. True
- An endocrine hormone is released into circulation to act on a target organ
- A paracrine action occurs when a hormone exerts an action on the cells that produced it.
- Target cells must have receptors to recognize a hormone and translate the signal into a cellular response
- Hormones travel through the bloodstream attached to transport carriers only.
- Glycogenesis means glucose formation.
- Insulin promotes glycogenesis and glycolysis
- Most hormones are controlled through positive feedback.
- An autocrine action occurs when a hormone exerts an action on the cells that released them.
- A paracrine hormone is a hormone that acts locally on cells other than those that produce the hormone.
- The production and release of hormones by the hypothalamus requires stimulation by the pituitary gland.
- When the body is in starvation mode, it breaks down fat into ketones.
- Those with prediabetes have an ANS: 1. True
- False
- True
- False
- False
- True
- False
- True
- True
- False
- True
- True
- True
- False
- True
- False 90% do
- True
- False Multiple Choice:
- Redistribution of body fat with round moon face, dorsal "buffalo hump," and relatively thin extremities suggests which of the following:
- The following clinical measurements or lab values are commonly seen with Cushing syndrome EXCEPT:
- Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT:
- Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT:
- What hormone affects nutrient metabolism, regulates blood glucose levels, and has antiinflammatory actions?
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with each of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
- Each of the following are characteristics of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT:
- The following are common signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome EXCEPT:
- Addison's disease is due to which of the following:
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with each of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
- Each ANS: 1. cushing syndrome
- hyponatremia
- hyperglycemia
- retention of sodium
- cortisol
- gradual, suble onset
- myxedema
- weight loss
- adrenal gland dysfunction
- strong family history
- pear shaped obesity
- low levels of ACTH
- hypoglycemia
- autoimmune mechanisms
- bradycardia
- Decreased serum T3, T4 and Increased serum TSH
- A 45- year-old female presents with increased appetite, weight loss, and nervousness. Lab findings show a high serum T4 and low TSH. What diagnosis would her history and lab findings indicate? What is one treatment (not symptom treatment) you would suggest?
- There are ways to prevent and/or control progression of diabetic kidney disease (nephropathy). Name 4 of them:
- A 45-year-old obese, sedentary male has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. What are 2 strategies to help him normalize his blood sugars? List 2 other macrovascular complications he is at risk for and how you would screen for them?
- Your diabetic patient with neuropathy is at risk for developing a foot ulcer. How would you instruct him to care for his feet? List at least 3.
- Why are foot ulcers such a big problem with diabetics? ANS: 1. (1) Hyperthyroidism; (2) methimazole or propylthiouricil, radioactive iodine, or surgical removal.
- Tight glycemic control; blood pressure control (<130/80); hyperlipidemia treatment; smoking cessation; and limiting proteinuria through ACE inhibitors or ARBs, or protein restriction.
- (1) Diet, exercise, and weight loss may be all that they need to control blood glucose levels. Even moderate weight loss of 5-10% of total body weight has been shown to improve glucose control. (2) Hypertension and hyperlipidemia - checking blood pressure and screening with a serum lipid panel.
- Wear proper fitting shoes, daily feet inspection to look for blisters, sores, or signs of infection. Avoid smoking, cold temperature, bare feet.
- Trauma or infection may be present, but undetected due to the loss of sensation and pain. It is worsened by vascular insufficiency and the decreased ability to heal. Long Answer:
- List and describe the 3 most common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus? How would you screen for these complications?
- People with diabetes should be followed closely by their health care provider to monitor glycemic control and be screened regularly for complications. List 5 ways they should be screened: ANS: 1. (1) Retinopathy, which are microvascular changes in the retina that can lead to blindness; nephropathy, which is kidney disease caused by damage to the small vessels that can lead to renal failure; and neuropathy, which is nerve damage that causes weakness, numbness, or pain, typically in the hands or feet. (2) Retinopathy- annual dilated eye exams; (3) Nephropathy- annual urine microalbumin test; Neuropathy- monofilament test to assess sensation, vascular status, and skin integrity, should be administered annually
- Checking weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C, lipid profile, serum creatinine, microalbumin, foot exam, dilated eye exams, and dental exam.
Version Exam 9. 5 If a patient is taking exogenous forms of corticosteroid hormones, what would their labs show? High levels of ACTH low levels of ACTH Hyperkalemia none of the above Low levels of ACTH The following are common signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome except: Hypoglycemia Mood changes Muscle weakness Amenorrhea Hypoglycemia Primary adrenocortical deficiency (Addisons's disease) is most frequently caused by: Autoimmune mechanisms Infection Metastatic tumor Trauma Autoimmune mechanisms PAddison's disease is due to which of the following: adrenal gland dysfunction Decreased ACTH stimulation from the pituitary Decreased CRH from the hypothalamus All of the above Adrenal gland dysfunction
