practical research 2 | Essays (high school) Psychology

PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

PARTS OF CHAPTER I

Background of the Study

The background of the study is the part of your

paper where you inform the reader of the context of

the study.

It is at the introductory part of the paper with the

purpose of relaying the importance of your research

study

It answers the following questions:

1. What is already known about the topic?

2. What is not known about the topic?

3. Why do you need to address those gaps?

4. What is the rationale of your study?

Research Questions

A research problem is simple as a problem you

would like to research.

In your written paper, this can be found as

Statement of the Problem, where it formally

introduces the problem that you want to investigate

or address.

The research questions help clarify and specify the

research problem.

Example

This study aims to determine the relationship

between the types of learning delivery mode and students’

learning styles. Furthermore, it seeks to answer the following

research questions:

1. What are the different learning delivery modes of the

school?

2. What are the various learning styles of the students?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the

different learning delivery modes of the school and

the learning styles of its students?

Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework refers to the actual ideas,

beliefs, and tentative theories that specifically

support the study.

It is primarily a conception or model of what is ou t

there that the researcher plans to study.

It also serves the purpose of clarifying concepts and

their relationships with one another in a research

study.

INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT MODEL

The Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) is a conceptual

paradigm which indicates the inputs, required

process, and the output.

The Input is usually the independent variable o f the

study.

Process is the intervention or solution consisting the

instruments and analyses used to acquire the result.

Output is the findings or outcome of the

interventions being made to solve the identified

problem.

Example

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES MODEL

Statement of the Hypothesis

A Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the

relationship between two or more variables.

It is a specific and testable prediction on what you

expect to happen with the variables in your study.

It proposes a possible relationship between the

independent variable (what the researcher changes)

and the dependent variable (what the research

measures).

It is also described as an “educated guess” of what

possibly the result would be of your research, which

should be supported on existing theories and

knowledge.

Example

1. There is no significant relationship between the

defense mechanisms and the academic grade of the

senior high school students.

2. There is a significant relationship between the

defense mechanisms and the academic grade of the

senior high school students.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope specifies the coverage of your study such

as variables, population or participant, and timeline.

Delimitation cites factors of your study that are not

included or excluded or those you will not deal in

your study.

Components of Scope and Delimitation

Topic of the Study. What are the variables to be

included and excluded?

Objectives or Problems to be Addressed. Why are

you doing this study?

Time Frame. When are you going to conduct this

study?

Locale of the Study. Where are you going to g ather

your data?

Characteristics of the Respondents. Who will be your

respondents?

Method and Research Instruments. How are going to

collect the data?

Example

The main objective of this study is to provide

information about students’ knowledge and perception of

genetically modified foods and their family health practices.

The study also includes the student’s personal information

and occupation of their parents and siblings. This study is

limited to the 117 Grade 12 Male and Female enrolled in the

First Semester, School Year 2024-2025 of Naujan Academy

Inc. Each of the respondents is given questionnaire to answer.

The students selected came from six different sections to

prevent subjective perceptions.

Significance of the Study

The significance of the study explains its relevance

and contribution to the field.

It must be explained as clearly as possible so that

readers will understand the necessity to pursue the

research.

It must explicitly state the contribution of the study

to the body of knowledge about the subject matter

Definition of Terms

Definition of Terms is also called as Operational

Definition of Variables (ODV).

The word operational refers to “how the word/term

was used in the study.

There are two ways in defining the terms, the

conceptual and operational definitions.

The conceptual definition is the meaning of the term

that is based on how it is defined in the dictionary or

encyclopedia.

Operational definition, on the other hand, is the

meaning of the term based on how it was used in the

study.

Benefits of Having Definition of Terms

1. It is a useful place to include technical terms in the topic of

the research questions.

2. It can clarify the definition of term, especially if it has

different meaning. Define the term according to how it was

used in the study.

3. It is easier to revisit or check the meaning of a term instead

of trying to locate it through the paper.

4. Helps to ensure that the reader can understand the

technical terminologies and jargons while reading the paper.

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

PARTS OF CHAPTER I

Background of the Study  The background of the study is the part of your paper where you inform the reader of the context of the study.  It is at the introductory part of the paper with the purpose of relaying the importance of your research study It answers the following questions:

What is already known about the topic?
What is not known about the topic?
Why do you need to address those gaps?
What is the rationale of your study? Research Questions  A research problem is simple as a problem you would like to research.  In your written paper, this can be found as Statement of the Problem, where it formally introduces the problem that you want to investigate or address.  The research questions help clarify and specify the research problem. Example This study aims to determine the relationship between the types of learning delivery mode and students’ learning styles. Furthermore, it seeks to answer the following research questions:
1. What are the different learning delivery modes of the school?
2. What are the various learning styles of the students?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the different learning delivery modes of the school and the learning styles of its students? Conceptual Framework  Conceptual framework refers to the actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories that specifically support the study.  It is primarily a conception or model of what is out there that the researcher plans to study.  It also serves the purpose of clarifying concepts and their relationships with one another in a research study. INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT MODEL  The Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) is a conceptual paradigm which indicates the inputs, required process, and the output.  The Input is usually the independent variable of the study.  Process is the intervention or solution consisting the instruments and analyses used to acquire the result.  Output is the findings or outcome of the interventions being made to solve the identified problem. Example INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES MODEL Statement of the Hypothesis  A Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.  It is a specific and testable prediction on what you expect to happen with the variables in your study.  It proposes a possible relationship between the independent variable (what the researcher changes) and the dependent variable (what the research measures).  It is also described as an “educated guess” of what possibly the result would be of your research, which should be supported on existing theories and knowledge. Example
  1. There is no significant relationship between the defense mechanisms and the academic grade of the senior high school students.
  2. There is a significant relationship between the defense mechanisms and the academic grade of the senior high school students. Scope and Delimitation of the Study  The scope specifies the coverage of your study such as variables, population or participant, and timeline.  Delimitation cites factors of your study that are not included or excluded or those you will not deal in your study. Components of Scope and Delimitation  Topic of the Study. What are the variables to be included and excluded?  Objectives or Problems to be Addressed. Why are you doing this study?  Time Frame. When are you going to conduct this study?  Locale of the Study. Where are you going to gather your data?  Characteristics of the Respondents. Who will be your respondents?  Method and Research Instruments. How are going to collect the data? Example The main objective of this study is to provide information about students’ knowledge and perception of genetically modified foods and their family health practices. The study also includes the student’s personal information and occupation of their parents and siblings. This study is limited to the 117 Grade 12 Male and Female enrolled in the First Semester, School Year 2024-2025 of Naujan Academy Inc. Each of the respondents is given questionnaire to answer. The students selected came from six different sections to prevent subjective perceptions. Significance of the Study  The significance of the study explains its relevance and contribution to the field.  It must be explained as clearly as possible so that readers will understand the necessity to pursue the research.  It must explicitly state the contribution of the study to the body of knowledge about the subject matter Definition of Terms  Definition of Terms is also called as Operational Definition of Variables (ODV).  The word operational refers to “how the word/term was used in the study.  There are two ways in defining the terms, the conceptual and operational definitions.  The conceptual definition is the meaning of the term that is based on how it is defined in the dictionary or encyclopedia.  Operational definition, on the other hand, is the meaning of the term based on how it was used in the study. Benefits of Having Definition of Terms
4. It is a useful place to include technical terms in the topic of the research questions.
5. It can clarify the definition of term, especially if it has different meaning. Define the term according to how it was used in the study.
6. It is easier to revisit or check the meaning of a term instead of trying to locate it through the paper.
7. Helps to ensure that the reader can understand the technical terminologies and jargons while reading the paper.

Guidelines in Making Definition of Terms  The terms should be arranged alphabetically.  Indention should be applied to each term.  The term should be followed with a period.  It can be underlined or not.  It can be bold and italic or not.  It does not have to be lengthy (direct to the point).  Acronym/initials should be defined clearly.  Keep the definition brief and basic. Example 1 Face to face. This refers to one of the modalities used in learning delivery in which the teacher and students should be in the same place or setting, such as the classroom. Example 2 Face to face. This refers to one of the modalities used in learning delivery in which the teacher and students should be in the same place or setting, such as the classroom. Example 3 Face to face. This refers to one of the modalities used in learning delivery in which the teacher and students should be in the same place or setting, such as the classroom. Example 4 Face to face. This refers to one of the modalities used in learning delivery in which the teacher and students should be in the same place or setting, such as the classroom. LITERATURE REVIEW  RRL is an important component of research regardless of the type of research.  Be it qualitative or quantitative research, you spend time and effort in reviewing related literature. Reviewing related literature is one major activity in research that makes you examine or study again concepts or ideas related to your research. PURPOSES OF RRL  To find out the connection of your research to the current conditions or situations of the world.  To know more about theories or concepts underlying your research and to learn from them with respect to your own research study.  To discover the relation of your research with previous research studies.  To obtain information on the accuracy or relevance of your research questions.  To familiarize yourself with technical terms related to your research. STEPS IN CONDUCTING A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW  Clarifying the research questions  Planning the research based on your understanding of the research questions Searching for literature  Listing criteria for considering the values of written works Evaluating the quality of previous research studies  Summarizing the various forms of knowledge collected. STRUCTURE OF LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction The introduction somehow presents the fundamental idea of the particular study of the literature review. Main Body The main body consists of the organized discussion of sources. This is where you summarize and synthesize your literature review and reflect how they related to your study. Conclusions/Recommendations Conclusion and recommendation emphasize what you have learned from reviewing the literature and where your study leads to. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW

Context review It primarily focused on the content or contextual aspect of research. It is a type of review in which the researcher relates his or her study to a larger body of knowledge. It presents the current research by merging it into a wider framework and determine its contribution and impact to the specific field of study.
Historical review It is a specialized type of literature review in which the researcher organizes the related research according to the period of time it was conducted. The goal of this type of research is to gain knowledge on the advancement of technology and to identify developments on certain areas, which progress through time.
1. Integrative review It is a common type of literature review in which the researcher introduces and summarizes the recent knowledge of the study. It emphasizes the agreements and disagreements of knowledge among various previous research. • This review is usually merged with a context review.
2. Methodological review It is a specialized type of literature review in which the researcher gathers, compares and contrasts other studies to the current research. It basically summarizes and evaluates the strengths and gaps in methodological aspects of various studies and illustrates the effects of different methodologies
3. Self-study review It is a literature review in which the researcher demonstrates his or her understanding of a specific body of knowledge. It contains existing proof associated to a clearly stated research questions and uses standardized methods to determine and evaluate relevant research.
4. Theoretical review It is a literature review in which the researcher introduces several theories or concepts that are focused on a specific topic. It is particular on the theories and concepts being highlighted on other researches and compares them to the current study basing on its framework, hypothesis, consistency, and justification. TYPES OF SOURCES FOR A LITERATURE REVIEW General references are sources in which a researcher refers to tract down other sources. Primary sources are publications in which a researcher accounts the findings of his or her investigations. Most primary sources are found in journal articles. Secondary source s are publications in which a researcher considers the work of others (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2020). According to Nueman (2011) , you can find related literature in:
5. Books Books convey many forms of information. The needed information here is from the books containing a collection of research materials and articles. You can find citation information on them such as the title, author, date, and publisher in the catalog system.
6. Scholarly Journals Scholarly journals may also be referred to as academic journals or peer-reviewed journals. They are filled with peer-reviewed information of research. Articles are written by a scholar in the field and the researcher is always identified.
7. Dissertations Dissertation is a final requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in which the student or researcher has to complete a work of original research. Some dissertations are eventually published as books or articles which consider their findings and contribution to the academic discipline.
8. Government Documents Most of the government agencies around the world support research undertakings and publish the findings of the study. Government documents are usually kept at the government and some school libraries.
9. Policy Reports and Presented Papers Policy reports are also a source of information in literature review. Policy papers are not like the typical research papers. Usually, they are discussed to non-academic readers.
10. Periodicals Periodicals are findings of the study which can be seen in newspapers, in popular magazines, on television or radio broadcasts, and in Internet news summaries. They are the chosen edited summaries done by journalists for the general readers.  the introductory part of the paper with the purpose of relaying the importance of your research study

 six sources of literature review  convey many forms of information  the needed information here is from the __________ containing a collection of research materials and articles  you can find citation information on them such as the title, author, date, and publisher in the catalog system  may also be referred to as academic journals or peer-reviewed journals  They are filled with peer-reviewed information of research.  Articles are written by a scholar in the field and the researcher is always identified.  final requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in which the student or researcher has to complete a work of original research  Some are eventually published as books or articles which consider their findings and contribution to the academic discipline.  Most of the government agencies around the world support research undertakings and publish the findings of the study.  are usually kept at the government and some school libraries  are not like the typical research papers.  they are discussed to non-academic readers.  findings of the study which can be seen in newspapers, in popular magazines, on television or radio broadcasts, and in Internet news summaries  are the chosen edited summaries done by journalists for the general readers

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

PARTS OF CHAPTER I