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Practical Research 2

Quarter 1

Module 5: Review of Related Literature

Practical Research – Grade 12

Quarter 1: Module 5: Review of Related Literature

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Practical Research 2- Grade 12

According to an agreed set of methods or organized plan (www.dictionary.cambridge.org) Meta-analysis A quantitative statistical analysis of several separate but similar experiments or studies in order to test the pooled data for statistical significance. (https://www.merriam-webster.com) Citation A reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained information from while writing your research paper. (https://library.sacredheart.edu) Reference A writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned in a piece of writing, showing you where a particular information was found. (https://dictionary.cambridge.org) Ethical Conforming to accepted standards of conduct ethical behavior. (https://www.merriam-webster.com) ____________ 1. An evaluative report of information found in the literature related to a selected area of study that gives theoretical base for the research and help the researcher determine the nature of his research. a. Related Literature c. Review of Related Literature b. Related Study d. Review of Related Study ____________ 2. It is the state or quality of being closely connected or appropriately related to a selected area of study. a. Objectiveness c. Recency b. Originality d. Relevance ____________ 3. Materials must be based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them ______________. a. Objective b. Recent c. Reliable d. Untrue ____________ 4. When starting your literature review, what is the first step? a. Ask your professor or teacher c. Find articles on your topic

IV.

Pre-test Read each question carefully and write the letter of your answer on the space provided before each number.

b. Identify your questions d. Review other literature reviews ____________ 5. A survey or review of related literature and study is very important because they serve as a ____________ of a research study. a. Comparison b. Foundation c. Purpose d. Reason WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? “ A research literature review is a systematic, explicit and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners.” (Fink, 2005). Review of Related Literature is an important component of research regardless of the type of research. Be it qualitative or quantitative research, you spend time and effort in reviewing related literature. Reviewing related literature is one major activity in research that makes you examine or study again concepts or ideas related to your research that people managed to publish in books, journals, or other reading materials in the past. A literature review is a survey of scholarly articles, books, or other sources that pertain to a specific topic, area of research, or theory. The literature review offers brief descriptions, Learning Activities Let us begin to learn about Review of Related Literature from the discussions below.

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Qualitative research likewise begins with research questions, but these are open-ended and subjective questions, in contrast to quantitative questions that aim at obtaining exact, specific, and objective answers whose origin or sources are easy to trace. ( Ridley 2012, p. 189; Jesson 2011 ) Steps in Conducting a Systematic Review Systematic review of related literature happens through the following sequential steps: Obtaining results of the review of related literature by means of systematic review that takes place in a step-by-step method is a scientific way of conducting a re-examination of reading materials that have close connection with your research. Adopting a systematic review of related literature prevents you from being bias in dealing with the varied form of literature. The adherence of systematic review to scientific method makes it the apt RRL method for quantitative research that likewise follows the scientific method of looking into the truthfulness of something. ( Babbie 2013; Russel 2013; Jesson 2011 ) Meta-analysis in Quantitative Research What is meta-analysis in relation to RRL? Meta-analysis is a kind of review of related literature in which you re-examine and combine the results of two or more statistical studies for coming out with a grand total to indicate stronger effects of the research outcome. Putting Clarifying the research questions Clarifying the research questions Planning the research based on your understanding of the research questions. Planning the research based on your understanding of the research questions. Searching for literature^ Searching for literature Listing criteria for considering the values of written works. Listing criteria for considering the values of written works. Evaluating the quality of previous research studies. Evaluating the quality of previous research studies. Summarizing the various forms of knowledge collected. Summarizing the various forms of knowledge collected.

the results together and making them appear as one result work to strengthen whatever impact the independent variable has on the dependent variable. Meta-analysis helps in guaranteeing the precision of the measuring method used in a quantitative research. However, this merging of statistical results is not applicable to all quantitative research studies. You resort to meta-analysis only if the statistics that you intend to combine come from studies having several similarities like they are comparable in terms of research questions, research design, treatment, measuring technique, and measurable outcome. Similar in many ways, these studies that are apt for combination purposes are called homogenous studies. Conversely, with a number of differences from other studies, they are called heterogeneous studies and are exempted from this type of systematic review of related literature called meta-analysis. The qualitative approach of narrative synthesis which is a systematic review using written verbal language to explain or describe test results is the appropriate RRL method for heterogeneous studies. The meta-analysis systematic review prevails strongly in the field of medicine where researchers must conduct studies to yield medicines that, supported by sufficient evidence, are capable ofreaching their certainty level. ( Ridley 2012; Jesson 2014 ) In-text Citation and Referencing Styles All reading materials related to your research that you intend to review or re- examine offer you concepts, ideas, or information belonging to other people. Having honesty, respect, or courtesy to the owners of these varied forms of knowledge as well as gratefulness fortheir valuable contribution to the field, you see to it that the www.undergraduatesciencelibrarian.org

Unpublished Works Ocampo, Dolores G. “Critical Evaluation of UST High School Language Books” (M. A. UST, 2016) Mariano, D. G. ( 2017). “English plus textbooks in college: discourse Analysis.” M. A. UST. Materials through Computers Article in Journals Signed article in a magazine Smith, Robert. “Email Craze.” Interactions. July 2016. http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm/ Unsigned article in a magazine “Power Interview.” Business Trends Magazine. August 2016. <http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus Trends/Trends/ctshoot.htmlz> Article in Journal “Systemic Functional Grammar.” English Forum. 38.7(2016). 18 May

2016. <http://www.jhu.edu/English Studies Journal/vol.83/83. strethson.htmlz. Article in Newspaper Salcedo, Jeorge. “Japanese traffic Rules.” New Daily Life Star. 21 December 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/ world/28 MIDE.htmlz. An Editorial “Golden Gate at San Francisco City” Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 7, 2016. http://www.a-pinq.com/ ed/2016/24/po4.htmlz/ Online books Barbour, Kate D. Constructivism.
2017. http: AMPRA 2 etext 2014/14w0310txtz. Signed article in a magazine Alegre,R.(July 2016). “Social-media networks.”Personality growth. Retrieved from http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm/ Unsigned article in a magazine “Unstructured interview. (August 2016).” Business Trends Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus Trends/Trends/ctshoot. htmlz. Article in Journal “Linguistic competence. (18 May 2016).” English Forum. Retrieved from http://www.jhu.edu/English Studies Journal/ vol.83/83.1strethson. htmlz. Article in Newspaper Davalos, J. “ The era of globalization.” ( December 2016). New Daily Life Star. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 world/ MIDE. htmlz. An Editorial “Politics in the Philippines. (7 July 2016).” Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from http://www.a-pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.html z/ Online books Silverman, F. D. (2016). American pragmatics. Retrieved from http: AMPRA 2 etext2014/14w0310txtz.

Alison, Gloria G. “Skills and Strategies.” 15–20, May 2016 dialog ERIC AED23376. CD-ROM/Diskette Diamante, Pete B. “Radiotherapy Treatment.” Manila Post News Bank. April 2017: TI Manila Post News Bank. CD-ROM. News Bank. “Domestic Helper.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD- ROM. Oxford UP, 2017 Forbes, J. G. (15–20, May 2017). “Non- verbal language.” Retrieved from dialog ERIC AED23376. CD-RM/Diskette Muralla, P. B. (April 2016). “Stem-cell treatment.” Manila Post News Bank. TI Manila Post News Bank. CD-ROM. News Bank. “Maharishi.” (2016). The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford UP. Blog Mathis, T. (2015, August 12). What is human systems integration? [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apabooks.org/2015/08/12/what- is-human-systems-integration/ (Baraceros, 2016) Ethical Standards in Literature-Review Writing Nowadays, with the advent of modern technology causing the emergence of varied electronic communication devices and online sources of information, collecting data happens easily and speedily. Through computer technology with its powerful Internet, you become exposed to extensive amount of knowledge that is so easy to lure you into practicing the copy-and-paste technique of obtaining ideas for your research paper. Unmindful of prestigious ways of working academically, there is a danger that you may fall into this dishonest way of reviewing and writing related literature. The ethical way of literature writing tells you to acknowledge the owners of borrowed ideas and put quotation marks around copied words from books or articles. Intentionally or www.dreamstime.com

important factors of resisting research in our daily life. The fear of learning, making change and being criticized are the possible factors that hold us back in doing a research. The fear of learning posits reflection on the things we don’t want to hear or see, research reveals everything. The fear of change triggers the resistance for research since it focus on solving problems and make an abrupt change on it. Research requires action on what is concluded and recommended. Lastly, the fear of being criticized, the risk of hearing feedbacks on what is done. Researchers often afraid to hear negative comments about the results which sometimes lead them to negativity of pursuing another study. As the research demands rises, most students have to come up with a research article fixing issues or theme related to their concern. However, Papanastasiou (2005) revealed on her study that undergraduate level tend to view introductory research courses negatively. Students’ attitude (Miandashti and Rezaei, 2013) directly influences how they mentally approach research including all the work related to research. Positivism enables students to solve problems quickly in which negative attitude hampers the efforts in research. Early (2014), concluded from fifty-one articles he reviewed, indicated students enrolled in introductory research courses exhibit the following characteristics: Fail to see the relevance of research to one’s life; Anxious or nervous about the course difficulty; Uninterested and poorly motivated to learn; Poor attitudes in approaching the course; and Misconceptions about the course. Early’s study presented the pessimistic side of students wherein they have negative thoughts about research. There are difficulties (Boser & Daugherty, 1998) which were supposed to be associated with the negative attitudes of the students towards research such as the problems of research, quantity of workloads given to the students and their concerns towards the area under discussion tends to experience research complexity and could increase their anxiety. In the same way, previous studies considered attitude as chief forecaster of individuals’ educational attainment. Furthermore, Murtonen and Lehtiner (2003) reported that student that enters research courses with feeling of stress and anxiety are not really aware of what research methods are all about. This leads them of being overwhelmed and the impossibility of understanding and getting through it. Also, students are not even sure of the reason of completing the course and their usefulness in their lives (Pan & Tang, 2004). These attitude towards research created concerns among teachers of research since it was found that anxiety affects learning negatively (Onwuegbuzie & Seaman, 1995). Because of these attitudes, it is alarming that it could prevent appreciation of students to research and its impact on the future careers. Monahan (1995) also highlighted that professionals who had completed research courses and experienced anxiety were not motivated to engage in research on their own. From the literature gathered, it really implies that attitude towards research greatly affects on how people deal with research. Whether a person undergone a good or bad experience with research, it indicates when he or she will

still engage in research and his or her attitude towards it will neither be optimistic or pessimistic. The ideas discussed can help the researcher in suggesting ways of overcoming negative attitudes towards research. It could also be possible that the result of this study be a great help to research teachers, especially in senior high school to consider their students attitude towards research and be able to address them properly. Likewise, the researcher is looking forward for a better and positive result of the study. Instruction: Fill in the blanks with correct answers to complete the text. Review of related literature happens in two ways: (1) _____________________ and systematic review. Systematic review is for (2) ________________________; traditional for qualitative research. A review of statistical results makes you use (3) ______________________ kind of systematic review. All test results are applicable to (4) ______________________ except those coming from (5) __________________________ studies. (6) ____________________ review through meta- analysis are given by (7)_________________________studies, not by (8) _____________________ that are characterized by dissimilar research aspects. Whatever studies the statistical results come from, these should be (9) _____________ -based results; meaning they are based on facts. Not giving importance to proofs or evidence, you resort to presenting literature review results in (10) ___________________. Instruction: Team up with your research group and agree on one thing you want to know more about. Ask three questions about this puzzling thing, and then list down as many resources as you can through which you can obtain knowledge to answer your questions. Practice Tasks

Show that you have learned something by doing these activities.

Practice Task #1: Explain the purposes of Review of Related Literature Practice Task #2: Familiarize with the steps of review or related literature in quantitative research.

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2. Why is there a need to include proper citation and referencing in your research paper?

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3. What can be the consequences for not following ethical standards in writing the RRL of your research?

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Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on your Module notebook. Test I: Multiple Choice ____________ 1. A literature review is best defined as: a. Doing an internet search on a topic and looking through the results b. The process of studying published researches and materials c. The process of studying unpublished researches d. The written component of a research study that discusses the existing literatures the researcher reviewed. ____________ 2. Your direction of RRL is given by your research _____________. a. data c. problem b. design d. question ____________ 3. The type of review of related literature employed in a quantitative research. a. scoping c. systematic VII Post-test

b. statistical d. traditional ____________ 4. Which step in writing the RRL of your research study is essential for you to avoid large, irrelevant literature which are not needed or are useless in your study? a. Clarifying the research questions b. Searching for literature c. Listing criteria for considering the values of written works d. Evaluating the quality of previous research studies ____________ 5. Why is it important that a researcher practice ethical standards in writing the literature-review of his quantitative research study? a. Being unmindful of these ethical practices, there is a danger that you may fall into a dishonest way of reviewing and writing related literature. b. Practicing ethical standards in writing your RRL is your way of freeing yourself from plagiarism. c. Practicing ethical standards makes you avoid people from casting doubts on your honesty and integrity as a researcher. d. All answers are correct. Test II: Concept Explanation Instruction: Explain each expression the way you understood them in relation to research.

1. RELATED LITERATURE ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________
3. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ Test III:

Instruction: Collaborate with your research group and work on the the Review of Related Literature of your research.

1. Identify different information sources which you can use to gather relevant literature about your topic. Gather relevant literature from these sources.
2. Read the literature carefully and critically.
3. Evaluate the quality of previous research studies and literature you have read and start writing your RRL. Be sure to include proper citation and referencing for the works and ideas of others that you will use in your research. PRE-TEST
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. B PRACTICE TEST 1
9. Systematic
10. Quantitative research
11. Meta-analysis
12. Meta-analysis
13. Heterogeneous
14. Systematic VIII Assignment/Additional Activities IX Answer Key

7. Homogeneous
8. Heterogeneous
9. Evidence-based
10. Narrative synthesis PRACTICE TEST 2 Student’s answer will vary. This is an example response from a research on time spent on Facebook and its relationship to an individual’s self-esteem by Jan, M., Soomro, S. A., & Ahmad, N. (2017). CHOSEN TOPIC: The use of Facebook and its effect on students’ self-esteem RESEARCH QUESTION: Does any relationship exist between time spent on Facebook and self-esteem of individuals? SYNTHESIS/ SUMMARY: “The use of social networking sites has globalized immensely in the past decade. Facebook is the most widely used social networking site as it has more than one billion users worldwide (Facebook, 2012). Apart from being the medium for expression of opinion and platform for sharing of knowledge and moments, Facebook has also reduced distances by making people feel more connected and helped them build new relationships and maintain the existing ones. (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). One major feature of Facebook is to make the personal profiles of users available for public or friends to view and scrutinize and allow them to pass on their judgments and give feedback through comments to make sure the user understands their opinion on his personal life (Muise et al., 2009; Boyd & Ellison, 2007). These opinions of other people, either friends or public, and the feedback from them have very strong effect on people’s self-esteems. Heatherton and Polivy (1991) claim that the concept of self-esteem can be either stable or fluid in nature i.e. it can take time to develop for some people while it can change with trends and daily events for others. While negative feedback lowers the self-esteem of individuals, positive feedback increases the selfesteem to a very high degree (Valkenburg et al., 2006). Some of the researchers have identified the major benefits and advantages of social networking sites. For example, Facebook gives individuals a sense of freedom and identity, boosts up the confidence level of individuals and cheers them up during hard times (Nyagah, Stephen and Muema, 2015). It also helps shy and introvert students, who find it difficult to initiate conversation, to build social capital as it reduces the level of restrictions involved in communication and offers a forum to build healthy and strong bonds and relationships (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007). Amichai, Hamburger & Vinitzky (2010) argue that many Introverts build relationships through social