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Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Background Background of the study MarkInformation and Communication Technology (ICT) is a blanket term encompassing all the technologies and services involved in computing, data management, telecommunications provision, and the internet. These technologies all deal with the transmission and reception of information of some kind. ICT permeates all aspects of life, providing newer, better, and quicker ways for people to interact, network, seek help, gain access to information, and learn. The technology sector accounts for a significant portion of economic activity around the globe, as economies, employment, and personal lives become more digital, more connected, and more automated (Brown, 2020). The appearance of new technologies in our day to day has made it possible for the use of ICT in education to increase considerably in recent years. ICTs have gained great relevance in our environment, having a wide catalog of applications in various sectors such as entertainment, administration, robotics, education and all kinds of companies. It has been proven that the use of ICT in the classroom increases the motivation of the students, showing more interest and becoming more involved in the areas they study. ICT enables the use of innovative educational resources and the renewal of learning methods, establishing a more active collaboration of students and the simultaneous acquisition of technological knowledge. Furthermore, ICTs are of great help in developing discernment. Being able to search for various sources and contrast them, as well as to structure information are some of the most notable skills that students develop through the use of ICT (Pedagoo, 2020). Technology is so advanced, so much that it now drives business growth. In line with this, school is a good training ground for future professionals. It can help these kids by integrating technology into their system through their materials, facilities, rooms, and even modules. On the other hand, kids nowadays are digital natives. Using tech for their daily studies can help them more than it can drag them down (ChildHope Philippines, 2021). According to Law Insider, ICT facility means any facility, apparatus or other thing that is used or is capable of being used principally for, or in connection with, the provision of ICT services, and includes a transmission facility as well as any or all of the following facilities, fixed links and cables; computer facilities; pay-phone/communication facilities; radio communication transmitters, receivers and links; satellite earth stations, towers, and poles; and ducts and pits used in conjunction with other facilities as may be prescribed by the rules; unless otherwise stated, an ICT facility relates to a public ICT facility. The introduction of ICT into universities clearly changed the way education is conducted. It paves the way for a new pedagogical approach, where students are expected to play more active role than before (i.e. getting more involved in the learning process, being active participants of knowledge creation not mere recipients of knowledge). Using information and known ICT tools in education, students should be able to communicate, create presentations in PowerPoint, and interact with colleagues and teachers using technology (Ekeke J-T & Mbachu C. E., 2015). MarkThe use of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) is a valuable tool to enhance the learning experience and accessing resources. The computer lab aims to provide
basic functional computer services for users who may not have access to such technology at home or elsewhere. The computer lab provides an environment for users to get support and assistance with computer related issues (Pedagoo, 2020). MarkHence, a computer is a vital tool for accessing and processing information and data, as it is the first window to access the Internet. It is an important tool for students, who generally rely on it in preparing their educational reports and projects. It is a major tool in distance education, this type of education cannot be completed without the presence of a laptop or computer. MarkThe importance of the computer also appears in filling leisure time with games and watching valuable videos, and its role in entertainment also emerges (The Scientific World, 2021). Even with the rapid adoption of digital technologies, printers are an important part of the education process. In fact, printers in the classroom can even help schools ease into the digital transition while keeping student learning high. And reading from print can speed up the learning process as print readers can read up to 30% faster than readers who are viewing digital text. If color is used in printed text, it can improve a student’s learning comprehension, especially for students who struggle with focus. However, you view it, having a printer in the classroom is a cost-effective way to increase student engagement, boost learning, and help your school transition to a more digital environment (PerryProTech, 2021). The past thirty years have seen tremendous growth in the capabilities and reach of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The Internet, especially, has become a critical enabler of social and economic change, transforming how government, business, and citizens interact and offering new ways of addressing development challenges. It has also transformed education by creating a new culture of learning and accessing information. The Internet provides great opportunities to improve the quality of education. New ways of teaching and learning, better access to a much wider range of information and resources, new skills for the digital age: all these can transform lives, helping to achieve education for all and other Sustainable Development Goals (dotMagazine,2019). An electronic communication invented in the 1970s to do communication faster during the era of letters and telegrams that changed the way people communicate with each other is called Email. Most of the emails comes with a subject line, and hence it is easy to understand the matter inside the email and categorize them accordingly. This helps in saving time in checking for emails. Unwanted emails can easily be ignored and moved into spam folders. An informal communication tool where the language needs not to be official as it is made to be simple as in a conversational talk so that the business runs smooth. The email can be used as a tool to start a conversation as it is fast, and hence the business can be made to run smooth. Email is faster than it can be compared to one-to-one chat. It can be made as an informal talk and a serious business talk, email works magic in both ways in terms of speed. No other tool is this faster to send messages (Priya Pedamkar, n.d). RafaelAccording to the study of Akuegwu, tukidem & Jaja (2011) the availability of ICT facilities for quality instructional service delivery in universities in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States is significantly low except internet-connected desktop computers and institutional cybercafé. With this finding, the null hypothesis was rejected in 15 of the ICT facilities and accepted in 2 of the ICT facilities’ availability for quality instructional service delivery. RafaelThe reason for this low availability of ICT facilities for quality instructional
able to solve tasks related to the use of information as consumers, that is, approximately three quarters of the students could search for information and half of them could also organize and manage digital information. On the other hand, very few students were able to succeed in tasks related to the use of information as producers, that is, only one third of the students could develop their own ideas in a digital environment and less than one fifth could refine digital information and create a representation in a digital environment. JLIn opposition, based on the study conducted by Nisar, Munir, and Shad (2012) the students are uncertain about the usage of latest technology and the usage of multimedia device during lectures. They are also uncertain about the usage of internet for doing assignments/projects and as well as the usage of wireless communication in their institutions. Based on their conclusion, student can perform well throughout the usage of ICT. The major finding of their study is that availability and usage of ICT is very essential to improve the educational efficiency of students. This indicates that availability of ICT in Education is supportive for the students to improve their learning skills as well as latest technologies of ICT are helpful for the students to better prepare their assignments and projects. Results also show that ICT can be helpful to produce the productive knowledge of students related to their studies. The findings suggest that more the availability and usage of ICT in education sector will increase then as a result more the efficiency of students will increase. Students agreed that ICT provides vast knowledge to students through internet and digital libraries, so it can helpful to enhance the educational efficiency at local, regional and national level. After analyzing all the results, the researcher concluded that ICT brings a positive impact on Education sector of Pakistan. While the study of Ishaq and Ali (2020) showed the results that the mainstream of respondents used educational software’s to learn their lessons and used Microsoft office related applications to make their assignments, to prepare their presentations and to do calculations. The majority of the students (86.4%) used educational software’s for learning lessons and (83.4%) used Microsoft office and open office to make their documents for study purpose. Whereas, email was the source of communication to send or receive messages through the internet and according to study (79.4%) students used email for communications. The majority of the students are claiming that they used ICT to perform different tasks, such as preparing assignments, classroom activities and plan their lessons more efficiently. The use of ICT improves students’ competencies, computer-based skills that might be very supportive in improving their organizational behaviors in practical fields. Furthermore, the effective ICT use integrated with teaching and learning practice add interest, encouragement and motivation among the students that helped the students to process information in a better way and increases their understanding and expands their memory. The results of the undergoing research established that ICT had a significant and positive impact on students’ academic performance. (Ishaq & Ali, 2020) In Nigeria, secondary school teachers are using technology in the classroom more frequently than ever before. According to the National School Boards Association, students who are exposed to a high volume of technology perform as well as expected on standardized test, however technology can potentially do students a disservice if used inappropriately. When teaching using technology, instructors must be aware of the potential hindrance’s technology can bring to the learning process. Some of these negative effects of technology in
today's classroom are that it can take away valuable learning time, it can be overused, and it can also turn educational experiences into games for students. To the contrary, the initial findings showed that ICT can take away valuable learning time, it can be overused, also it can turn educational experiences into games for students and thus, enhances low academic performances, exposes students to porn sites and can distract them during class hours. The work also tried recommending possible solutions to this effect. (Mobia, Onyenanub & Ikwuetoc, 2015) In addition, the most important problem students reported regarding the use of ICT at home was the load shedding. About more than two third of the participants faced this problem both at the home and at the university. Pakistan faces tremendous amount of problem of load shedding. Production of electricity in Pakistan is 12000 MW whereas its demand is 19000 MW (Dunya News, 2014, Jul 15), which results in severe shortage of electricity across the country (Qasim, 2016, May 12). According to official statement, urban areas have schedule for about six hours and rural areas for about eight hours of load shedding across the country (Kiani, 2016, April 20). Fluctuation in electricity causes damage to expensive ICT resources. Stable and constant electricity supply is necessary for the proper functioning of computers and other high-tech equipment especially under extreme weather conditions (Aduwa-Ogiegbaen & Iyamu, 2005). JLIn conflict with, problem faced by the participants at home was the non-availability of the require software. Other problems participants faced at home were virus threat, signal problem in Internet, slow speed of computers and lack of access of Internet, lack of technical support, and poor working condition of computers. Students face more problems regarding the use of ICT at university than at home. JLAt the university, slow speed of computers, signal problem in Internet, virus threat, poor working condition of computers, and load shedding were the problems that were faced by the students whereas the lack of access of Internet, non- availability of the require software, and lack of technical support were the problems that were faced by nearly half or more students. Window corrupt and occasional held of computer were the two problems that were reported by the students in open ended question. (Siddiquah & Salim 2017) Furthermore, study from Nigeria showed that the lack of ICT resources and poor infrastructure prevent the full implementation of ICT in education (Adeosun, 2010). Advanced forms of ICT assisted instruction including computers and Internet assisted instructions require proper infrastructure including substantial computers and Internet resources. Computers available to educational institute contain computers both for instructional and administrative purposes. In developing countries, fewer computers are available for instructional purposes. The term Learner Computer Ratio (LCR) is used to describe the number of learners using a computer for instructional purpose in an educational system. Developed and developing countries deploy computers differently in their educational institutes. Developing countries establish computer labs, whereas developed countries diversely distribute the computers in the educational institute (UNESCO, 2014). Proper infrastructure also includes electricity that is necessary for using the computers (Aduwa-Ogiegbaen & Iyamu, 2005). The majority of ICT resources including computers and Internet require stable energy resources to support ICT in education. Lastly, telecommunication facilities are included in the required infrastructure. A communication
interaction of the learner's prior knowledge, ideas, and experience while in social, cultural, and linguistic settings. Some influential learning theories that emerged from this paradigm include Communities of Practice, Discovery Learning, Case-Based Learning, and Simulation- Based Learning(CSILE). DarrelThe learning technologies associated with Constructivism are often called learning environments or microworlds, and they are usually computer-based software that is open- ended to enable and require active user input. These learning environments try to represent the natural complexity of the real world, emphasize knowledge construction instead of knowledge reproduction, emphasize authentic tasks in a meaningful context, avoid predetermined sequences of instruction, and support collaborative construction of knowledge through non-competitive social negotiation. DarrelComputers are an efficient medium for applying Constructivist principles to educational practice because computer software can support various strategies and approaches more efficiently and effectively than other media. Technological implementations of this theory have succeeded and include educational programming language Logo, Apple Hyper-Card software, and York University’s computer- supported intentional learning environment (CSILE). DarrelIn line with this theory, a range of ICT based learning activities are underpinned by constructivist learning theory. Seymour Papert has argued that by learning computer programming, students learn how to think and learn for themselves. Papert created the computer programming language LOGO in which a small turtle is moved around the screen in response to programmed commands. Hypertext and the Internet have provided learners with vast quantities of information to explore and mine. DarrelThe information learner’s find on the Internet becomes knowledge when it is interpreted and processed by the human brain. This can be facilitated through a constructivist approach where the teacher provides scaffolding and guidance. Teachers need to know exactly how ICT is used as a teaching and learning tool, for their own purposes and to help students to use them. Some teachers and lecturers have been able to integrate ICT use into their teaching, and more importantly engage students in making use of ICT as part of the process of learning. However, there are still many barriers and impediments in the way of ICT becoming an integral part of teaching and learning. Some of these impediments will be discussed, with a special focus on beginning teachers and ICT. Throughout this paper, the term “beginning teachers” will be taken to include teachers who have recently entered the teaching professions as well as teacher education students in universities and other teacher education institutions.
DarrelConceptual Framework GezrelStatement of the Problem This study aimed to find out the ICT facilities, skills, usage, and the problems faced by the SHS students of Naguilian National High School. Specifically, it sought to answer the following:
- What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: a. Age b. Strand c. Grade d. Gender
- What is the extent of availability of ICT facilities at school and at home?
- What is the extent of expertise of the students in terms of ICT skills?
- What is the extent of usage of ICT facilities?
- What are the problems faced by the senior high school students in using ICT resources? GezrelScopes and Delimitation This study focused on finding out the ICT facilities, skills, usage, and the problems faced by the SHS students of Naguilian National High School. It involves 260 respondents, both male and female. This study was conducted at Naguilian National High School Magsaysay, Naguilian, Isabela from A.Y 2022-2023. GezrelSignificance of the Study The study was conducted to find out the ICT facilities, skills, usage, and the problems faced by the SHS students of Naguilian National High School. The result of the study will benefit the following:
OUTPUT
Determination of: ICT Facilities ICT Skills ICT Usage ICT Problems Intervention
PROCESS
- Survey Questionnaire
- Analysis of the responses to the questionnaires
INPUT
Demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;
- Age
- Strand
- Grade
- Gender Aims to find out on this study in terms of;
- ICT Facilities
- ICT Skills
- ICT Usage
- ICT Problems
Chapter 2 Research Related Literature Foreign Related Literature Within the past two decades, ICT has earned prolonged importance. The accessibility of a massive extent of facts, resources via internet, improvements of technology in the field of ICT and a prolonged pliability in organizations and corporations has intensified the knowledge boom and information worldwide (Hasan &Sajid, 2013). Consistent with the words of Daniels (2002) ICT has turned out to be inside a totally brief time as one of the fundamental pillars of present-day society. ICT is considered as to be a source of learning simple competencies, skills and concepts by many of the countries as well as the concepts of ICT integrated with education, alongside analyzing, writing and numeracy. But a fallacy is that ICT usually denotes to ‘computer systems and computing associated sports. This is luckily not like that, even though computers and their software play an extensive position in cutting-edge data control, other technology and/or structures also contain of the phenomenon this is normally seemed as ICTs. The Radio Assisted Instructions (RAI), Internet Assisted Instructions (IAI), CAI, TV Assisted Instructions (TAI) are some of the ICT-assisted instructions in some areas (UNESCO, 2014). Siddiquah and Salim (2017) carried out a study where they noted that the majority of the students have access to computers and internet facilities and did possess some skills such as knowledge of Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, searching and browsing on the internet, social networking, email, uploading files, and video games. Haywood (2003) mentioned some core ICT skills, which include knowledge of spreadsheets, word processors, databases and presentations. Consequently, Siddiquah and Salim, 2017 noted that the students engage themselves in doing other computer related activities instead of focusing on their academics. Odede & Enakerakpo, (2014) noted that undergraduate students possess adequate ICT skills and can efficiently make use of the internet. Conversely, amidst these various skills possessed by the students, it is obvious that they lack other skills such as proper use of e- library, discussion forums and blogging. Information and communication technology is a term used in describing a process of giving and getting information through the use of technologies like computers, internets, mobile phones and other communication networks. It includes all the technologies that help in disseminating and using information by individuals and institutions. According to Adelakin (2009), Information and Communication Technologies are those items which includes equipment known as (hardware) and programmes, known as (software) that allow people to access, organize, manipulate, retrieve, store, share and present information through electronic means. It must be emphasized at this juncture that there exist various ICT facilities that could be utilized for enhancing university campus security in South-south, Nigeria. These ICT facilities include Close Circuit Television (CCTV), Surveillance cameras, Detecting Devices, Geographical Positioning System (GPS)- enables devices, Satellite Imagery, Automated Personal Data Bank, Data Mining and Database Tracking Systems and so on (Yakubu, Mohd & Abdulkadir, 2018) Engagement with ICT during the COVID-19 pandemic has received mixed reporting. On the one hand, ICT facilitates the dissemination of information and facts about the disease
while allowing people to access and search for related updates (Sulaiman, Y. Y., Umar, M. A., & Bari, A. S., 2018). Given the evolving nature of the pandemic, the practical challenge is how to best transfer and deliver the latest information efficiently. Traditional methods of dissemination and communication, such as static websites and even email are considered slower than the use of news media and social media (Brownson, R. C., Eyler, A. A., Harris, J. K., Moore, J. B., & Tabak, R. G.,2018). For example, the use of educational materials and infographics via social media has been viewed as a speedier way of information dissemination compared to traditional methods (Bhatt, N. R., Czarniecki, S. W., Borgmann, H., van Oort, I. M., Esperto, F., Pradere, B., ... & EAU Guidelines Office Dissemination Committee.,2021). Staying socially connected with families and friends and having access to virtual physical exercise materials and entertainment during stay-at-home orders are realized through ICT (Garfin, D. R., 2020), as these strategies are recommended for mental health by the WHO (World Health Organization, 2020). However, the use of ICT can also be problematic. Among children and university students, excessive screen time and limited outdoor activities during the pandemic have potential worrisome outcomes in relation to myopia, sedentary behaviors, disrupted sleep routines, and reduced physical activity, just to name a few. Adults also report worse depression, loneliness, and stress being associated with increased screen time and reduced physical activity. These lifestyle changes during the pandemic have been linked to poor mental health (Meyer, J., McDowell, C., Lansing, J., Brower, C., Smith, L., Tully, M., & Herring, M., 2020), thus confirming the established association between excessive screen time and negative mental health outcomes from pre-pandemic times (Hoare, E., Milton, K., Foster, C., & Allender, S., 2016). Another downside of ICT use is related to the lack of in- person social interactions. Even for people who do not live alone, they may still feel lonely if their contact with others, such as through the means of ICT during quarantines, does not provide a sufficient sense of social connectedness (Pantell, M. S., 2020). In addition, with the amount of information about COVID-19 that is available through various ICT channels, some people have expressed feelings of information overload and fatigue (Farooq, A., Laato, S., & Islam, A. N., 2020), while, at the same time, having feelings of anxiety and uncertainty about the future and especially about how the pandemic will end (Sauer, K. S., Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M., 2020). Local Related Literature Technology is not a separate realm from education as a matter of fact, technology is penetrating all realms but the appreciation of technology lies into how it is accepted, adopted, and integrated to every system. In fact, the study has highlighted the existing efforts of the government of the Philippines in revamping its technology offered education through the integration of ICT in the basic education curricula. The study presented that it only through adoption and utilization can technology be useful and meaningful in the development of one organization and its outputs. Thus, teachers and school systems must work together in pursuing technology integration at an optimal level where innovative technology-based approaches to teaching and learning are adopted and integrated in the learning curricula (Limon, 2015). Hence, in the education sector of the Philippine government technological knowledge is given importance. ICT is now taught in schools but the study highlighted several challenges that threaten the quality of technological training among Filipino students.
computers to present instructional material, while the latter is an active situation in which students are encouraged to participate in learning tasks, including collecting, analyzing, and presenting information (Sulisworo, D., Ahdiani, U., & Lirag, E. S., 2017). DepEd Order No. 78, series of 2010, DepEd Computerization Program (DCP) aims to provide public schools with appropriate technologies that would enhance the teacher learning process and meet the challenges of the 21st Century. This program is in response to the computer backlog of public schools by providing them hardware and software, training on simple trouble shooting. It was found out that on item “There are enough computer facilities and accessories for maintenance in my school” was the least mean obtained. It is therefore concluded that there were limited computer facilities and accessories for maintenance. Teachers must find ways to utilized available ICT facilities to ensure delivery of instructions. It was also seen that on item “Developing new or modifying existing digital and/or non- digital learning resources” was the lowest mean obtained. It is therefore concluded that, teacher utilized seminar and training activities to enhance their professional skills in ICT. Likewise, teachers should attend workshops on the developing new and modifying digital or non-digital learning resources for classroom instructions. Moreover, when the teachers were grouped according to age, civil status, average family monthly income and highest educational attainment the level of utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) resources was high (Gelacio, M. J. O., 2020) Evaluation is important to gauge the strengths, weaknesses and effectiveness of any activity. Evaluation of the project includes project administration, project components, delivery system and project effectiveness. These are the factors that determine whether the project was implemented effectively and whether the goals were attained based on the evaluation of the recipients of the project. The problems encountered by the recipient public high schools related to hardware were: UPS failure, not functional workstations, not functional air-condition and weak router signal. In software problem, the most common was the frequent bogged-down operating system. In internet connectivity, the problems were: no available internet connection, slow internet connection, and fluctuating internet connection. In capability buildings, the problems were: no hands-on training in internet, no echo training for other teachers, no follow up training for teachers, short training period and lack of hands- on exercises. In the utilization of the laboratory, the problems were: difficulty on the use of Edubuntu software, insufficient number of computer units, limited access to laboratory and no available laboratory personnel. On maintenance and sustainability, the problems were: no technical support from the supplier, no available ink for the printer in the market, and no replacement of defective parts and units (Lorenzo, A. R., 2016). Research Related Studies Foreign Related Studies The paper conducted by Kashif Ishaq (2020) attempts to identify the different effects of ICT on tertiary education. In the study, relation between the use of ICT with students and their academic achievement in public and private academia in Pakistan, investigated. The research proposed the following goals: To find out why students have been given access lto ICT services, to explore how many students use ICT and for how long, to describe the connection among the use and academic performance of ICT in students. The study was performed on 300 students using questionnaire and in order to see the rate and find out if
there is any association among ICT and students’ academic achievements, Pearson correlation coefficient, and descriptive statistics, used. On the basis of result findings, it was concluded that most of the respondents had sufficient availability of ICT tool, i.e., laptops, personal computers at their homes and computers at their universities, but the printing, scanning facilities were less available at homes but these facilities could be availed from the university. The majority of the students in claiming that they used ICT to perform different tasks, such as preparing assignments, classroom activities and plan their lessons more efficiently. The use of ICT improves students’ competencies, computer-based skills that might be very supportive in improving their organizational behaviors in practical fields. Furthermore, the effective ICT use integrated with teaching and learning practice add interest, encouragement and motivation among the students that helped the students to process information in a better way and increases their understanding and expands their memory. The results of the undergoing research, it was established that ICT had a significant and positive impact on students’ academic performance. As future leaders and workforce of any nation, students need to be well trained in ICT. With the introduction of several ICT related programs and initiatives in Malaysia, it is hoped that the school students are well equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge. Issues such as gender differences in using ICT are no longer seen as a problem in this country. However, the digital divide is still the main issue that needs to be addressed by the education policymakers. Therefore, the government needs to provide the best possible ICT service, programs and trainings, especially to the students from rural areas. It is also hoped that the barriers impeding the use of ICT in schools be reduced. Only then, the school students will be able to use ICT skills at the optimum level and master these skills accordingly. The survey was conducted to assess the level of ICT skills among secondary school students in Malaysia as well as the barriers that impede its use. A total of 160 students from four schools (rural and urban) from a northern state in Malaysia were involved in this study. The descriptive statistics and t-test method were used to analyze the findings. The study revealed that their levels of ICT skills for basic applications and for Internet applications in accessing and sharing information are at moderate level; their advanced ICT applications at the lowest level, and their Internet applications for communication skills are at the proficient level. The analysis also showed insignificant difference in terms of the students’ levels of ICT skills between the male and female respondents. However, there is a significant difference in terms of ICT skills between the urban and rural school students. The findings also indicated that administrative and facility barriers as the two major factors that impede the use of ICT. These obstacles and barriers need to be reduced to assist the integration of ICT as well as to improve the students’ ICT skills (Umar, I. N., & Jalil, N. A., 2012). ICT in business subjects can usher in fundamental structural changes that could be integral to achieving significant improvements in teaching and learning business subjects. ICT at BOU is not yet fully implemented despite the massive efforts being put up by the government. This study established that most learners already have access to computers and the internet as well as a few unperfected ICT skills, an indication of a movement in the right direction. It must be understood that infusing ICT learning programmes in business subjects
The teachers were weak in engagement with new and emerging trends since they hardly utilize ICT for professional development and innovation. The influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in developing ways on how to better deliver instruction has been regarded as beneficial in education. In language teaching, the use of ICT is an impactful experience. It is therefore the purpose of this study to delve into the experiences, perceptions and attitudes of a novice and an experienced language teacher about ICT integration in teaching English as a Second Language (ESL). Establishing similarities and differences on the experiences, perceptions, and attitudes of the subjects was further aimed in this research. Results revealed that the experienced language teacher had more exposure to ICT use than the novice teacher. The experienced language teacher has more perceived confidence in showcasing the given ICT related skills. Out of the eight listed ICT-related skills, only three were perceived by the novice language teacher as skills in which she is highly confident with. Though it was reported previously that she integrates ICT in her language class more than the experienced language teacher, still, her perceived abilities about the use of ICT-related skills are not that high. This may be due to the limited number of trainings that she had before and during her deployment as a public-school teacher, as compared to the good number of trainings and seminars the experienced language teacher had attended. Also, the skills where the novice teacher is highly confident are basic computer skills like how to produce texts in computer programs and on how to communicate using e-mails and social networking. This leads to the idea that the novice language teacher’s inclination towards the use of ICT is on the entertainment side which is also possessed by other ICT users even those who did not finish an education course. Conversely, it is interesting to note that though the experienced language teacher is highly confident in using ICT-related skills, this does not guarantee that he uses it to prepare for his instruction and actual teaching. Reasons may be due to lack of ICT resources and Internet access in his station (Rosa, J. D., 2016). The need for sustainable development arose from overexploitation of natural resources. One of the significant roles of humanity is to ensure proper utilization of such resources, and fulfillment of this role requires an understanding of the global consequences of local actions. An integration of instruction about the consequences of exploitation into educational curricula will be an advantage to make people aware of the need for humanity as stewards of the environment. The second United Nations Millennium Development Goal is “Achieve universal primary education.” Increased use of information and communication technology (ICT) in schools can be expected to attain progress towards this goal and to prepare students for participation in the information society. The use of ICT as an innovative approach to teaching sustainable development is a challenge, especially in the primary education sector, where the foundation for human development is being laid (Foronda, V. R., 2011). The CICT-CBSUA iSchools Project in Camarines Sur Province contributed substantially to the integration of ICT into the educational programs of selected DepEd- administered high schools. The project improved teacher and student access to ICT equipment. After delivery of the equipment, 1 desktop computer served 1 or 2 teachers (provided that desktop computers in the laboratory would be used; 1 desktop computer served 22 students (an average class of 40 could be accommodated in the iWILL, with 2 students per
desktop computer); 1 LCD projector served 13 teachers; and 1 laptop served 14 teachers. After the implementation, almost half (42.3%) of the teachers became regular, confident computer users. Many (40.6%) regularly and confidently used word processing software, and some occasionally used spreadsheet software (33.9%), presentation software (30.8%), and the internet (33.8%) for classroom instruction, communication, and research. All the surveyed schools were able to establish computer laboratories. The schools had partnered with state universities and colleges and deployed student-teachers on practicum to help teachers integrate ICT into basic subject teaching. After the implementation, they started to develop institutional websites and were preparing for the adoption of computer-enabled library management systems (Foronda, V. R., 2011). Lorenzo, Arnold R. (2016) noted that evaluation is important to gauge the strengths, weaknesses and effectiveness of any activity. This study evaluated the iSchools Project implemented in the Public High Schools of Tarlac Province, Philippines by the Commission on Information and Communications Technology (CICT) in partnership with the selected State Universities and Colleges. Using survey questionnaires, data were gathered from the public high school teachers who were the recipients of the project. To supplement data from the survey, interviews with Principals and ICT Coordinators and actual observation of classes in the laboratory were also done. Findings showed that the beneficiary schools encountered problems in project implementation. These problems include hardware failure, difficulty on the use of software package, lack of follow-up on capability building, no available internet connection, limited access to the laboratory, and lack of repair/maintenance of the equipment in the laboratory. Despite these problems, however, the project was rated by the teachers as very satisfactory in terms of project administration, project components, and project delivery system. This implies that the project in general was effective in attaining its objectives which is ICT integration in education and to bridge the digital divide among public high school teachers. Furthermore, the problems encountered by the recipient public high schools related to hardware were: UPS failure, not functional workstations, not functional air-condition and weak router signal. In software problem, the most common was the frequent bogged-down operating system. In internet connectivity, the problems were: no available internet connection, slow internet connection, and fluctuating internet connection. In capability buildings, the problems were: no hands-on training in internet, no echo training for other teachers, no follow up training for teachers, short training period and lack of hands-on exercises. In the utilization of the laboratory, the problems were: difficulty on the use of Edubuntu software, insufficient number of computer units, limited access to laboratory and no available laboratory personnel. On maintenance and sustainability, the problems were: no technical support from the supplier, no available ink for the printer in the market, and no replacement of defective parts and units. SherynSynthesis of Review of Related Literature and Studies Judy Ann The review of local and foreign literature/studies will assist the researchers in gathering more information and facts related to this study. As stated, most of the respondents had sufficient availability of ICT tool, i.e., laptops, personal computers at their homes and computers at their universities, but the printing, scanning facilities were less available at homes but these facilities could be availed from the
Chapter 3 Research Methodology This chapter contained the research design, sampling and participant, study locale, data instrument, procedure and ethical consideration. The geographical area where the study was conducted, the study design and the sample are determined. The instruments used to collect data, including the methods implemented to maintain validity and reliability of the instruments are described. Judy AnnResearch Design Judy Ann This study is a quantitative study, conducted to find out the ICT facilities, skills, usage, and the problems faced by the SHS students of Naguilian National High School by employing descriptive research design. This study is accomplished by analyzing data collected and supported through a survey sample questionnaire, completed by senior high school learners under TVL strand, ICT track. The respondents were given freedom to choose the best option about the study in their own context and ensured adequate discourse between the researcher and respondents to generate a meaningful collaborative effect. MhycoSampling and Participant The researcher sought the list of enrolled students of Grade 11 and 12 Senior High School of the Naguilian National High School for the Academic Year 2022-2023. Mhyco The researcher utilized the Stratified Random Sampling Technique and applied proportion allocation to attain the number of samples in every strand. Stratified random sampling is a method for sampling from a population whereby the population is divided into subgroups and units are randomly selected from the subgroups. Stratification of target populations is extremely common in survey sampling (DeYoreo, 2018). Mhyco All strands of the Grade 11 and 12 during the A.Y. 2022-2023 served as the stratum for this study. To determine the sample size of the indicated population size, the researchers used a Raosoft calculator, a software that primarily calculates or generates the sample size of a research or survey as per the literature. It is also used to determine the margin error, level of confidence, and population proportion of the sample size. MhycoStudy Locale Mhyco This study was conducted at the Naguilian National High School, Magsaysay, Naguilian Isabela. MhycoResearch Instruments Mhyco The instruments used in gathering data is a survey questionnaire. This was plainly used by the researchers to gather information. It is most appropriate tool used because of its validity and reliability and it was easily to fill out; kept respondents on the subjects relatively objective and was fairly easy to tabulate and analyze. MhycoData Gathering Procedure
- The researchers wrote a letter of approval to the Senior High School Coordinator and School Principal to enable the researchers to conduct the study using consent forms.
- The researchers tracked the study’s population to obtain the requisite number of respondents per strand.
- They consensually asked the students to answer the survey questionnaires.
- They distributed the questionnaire to the respondents using Google form and printed survey questionnaire.
- The researchers organized, totaled, and statistically evaluated the data that were to be received. MhycoEthical Consideration The researchers used an authorization letter in order to conduct a face-to-face survey.
