Download Term 1: Problem Solving and Its Components and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
problem solving
problem: obstacle between present state and a desired goalsolving: process used to complete a complex goal oriented task TERM 2
the role of prior experience
DEFINITION 2 *prior experience is important to problem solving..BUT can make finding a solution more difficultfunctional fixedness *e.g. candle problem *prior knowledge inhibits other uses for an object TERM 3
insight
DEFINITION 3 *sudden realization of a problem's solution *can't track progress toward a solution in "insight problems" *no interference from prior knowledge *unique situations TERM 4
steps to problem solving
DEFINITION 4
- representing- the problem2. generating a solution3. evaluate the solution TERM 5
problem space
DEFINITION 5 problem space consists of 1. initial state2. goal state3. intermediate states4. operators: *permissible moves between statesproblem solving = searching the problem space
example
ace the exam: notes-> know term-> apply terms -> A+constraints: operators:can't cheat study groupcan't miss exam spaced practicecan't get questions or cram outlineintermediate state:read all chapters/noteshave knowledge of terms TERM 7
types of problems well defined
DEFINITION 7 *well defined problems -clearly defined given and goal states -know what the solution looks like -e.g. 6x + 18= 0, solve for x TERM 8
ill defined
DEFINITION 8 *ill defined problems *no clearly defined goal state *includes figuring out what is a good solution *finding a topic for a term paper *get a good grade on a exam TERM 9
puzzle type & knowledge
dependent
DEFINITION 9 *puzzle type- no specialized knowledgeex: rubics cubeknowledge dependent- special knowledge ex: medical diagnosis TERM 10
four categories of problems
DEFINITION 10
- problem of transformation2. problems of arrangement 3. problems of inducing structure4. evaluation of deductive arguments
providing analogy not enough
- must notice analogy2. must map correspondence3. must apply mapping to generate solution TERM 17
means ends
analysis
DEFINITION 17 identify a difference between current state and goal stateset a subgoal to reduce the differenceapply an operator to reduce the differenceif operator can't be applied. new subgoal:*remove obstacle that prevents applying operate
