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PSY |\ 657 |\Final |\Exam |(Hooley |\Chapters: |\4, |\
10, |\12, |\16, |\17) |\questions |\with |\answers
Cluster |\A |\personality |\disorders |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔paranoid, |\schizoid, |\schizotypal odd |\or |\eccentric |\with |\unusual |\behavior |\ranging |\from |\distrust |\and |
suspiciousness |\to |\social |\detachment Cluster |\B |\personality |\disorders |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔antisocial, |\borderline, |\histrionic, |\narcissistic individuals |\with |\these |\disorders |\share |\a |\tendency |\to |\be |\dramatic, |\emotional, |\and |\erratic Cluster |\C |\personality |\disorders |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔avoidant, |\dependent, |\obsessive-compulsive people |\with |\these |\disorders |\often |\show |\anxiety |\and |\fearfulness epidemiological |\studies |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔reveal |\the |
incidence |\and |\prevalence |\of |\a |\disorder |\in |\a |\particular |\population paranoid |\personality |\disorder |(cluster |\A) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔A |\personality |\disorder |\marked |\by |\a |\pattern |\of |\distrust |\and |
suspiciousness |\of |\others, |\often |\reading |\hidden |\meanings |\into |\
ordinary |\remarks. |\They |\tend |\to |\see |\themselves |\as |\blameless, |
instead |\blaming |\others |\for |\their |\own |\mistakes |\and |\failures--even |
to |\the |\point |\of |\ascribing |\evil |\motives |\to |\others. |\They |\are |
chronically |\on |\guard |\and |\tense, |\looking |\for |\clues |\to |\validate |\their |
expectations |\while |\disregarding |\all |\evidence |\to |\the |\contrary. |
Not |\psychotic, |\usually |\in |\clear |\contact |\with |\reality schizoid |\personality |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Personality |\disorder |\characterized |\by |\pervasive |\pattern |\of |\detachment |\and |
avoidance |\of |\social |\relationships |\and |\little |\expression |\of |\emotion: -have |\difficulties |\forming |\social |\relationships |\and |\usually |\lack |
much |\interest |\in |\doing |\so. |\They |\are |\unable |\to |\express |\their |
feelings |\and |\are |\seen |\as |\cold |\and |\distant.
- |\lack |\social |\skills, |\classified |\as |\loners |\and |\introverts |\with |\solitary |
interests |\and |\occupations -tend |\to |\not |\take |\pleasure |\in |\many |\activities -not |\very |\emotionally |\reactive, |\rarely |\experience |\strong |\positive |
or |\negative |\emotions, |\generally |\show |\apathetic |\mood schizotypal |\personality |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Personality |\disorder |\characterized |\by |\pervasive |\pattern |\of |
social |\and |\interpersonal |\deficits |\marked |\by |\acute |\discomfort |\with |\and |\reduced |\capacity |\for |\close |\relationships |\and |\eccentricities |\of |\behavior: -inappropriate |\or |\constricted |\affect -have |\cognitive |\and |\perceptual |\distortions |
-oddities |\and |\eccentricities |\in |\their |\communication |\and |\behavior -highly |\personalized |\and |\superstitious |\thinking |\
-their |\sense |\of |\entitlement |\is |\frequently |\a |\source |\of |\astonishment |\to |\others -behave |\in |\stereotypical |\ways |\to |\gain |\the |\acclaim |\and |\recognition |\they |\crave -think |\they |\can |\only |\be |\understood |\by |\other |\high-status |\people |\or |\should |\only |\associate |\with |\such |\people -their |\sense |\of |\entitlement |\is |\associated |\with |\unwillingness |\to |
forgive |\others |\for |\perceived |\slights, |\and |\they |\easily |\take |\offense antisocial |\personality |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- personality |\disorder |\with |\the |\tendency |\to |\persistently |\disregard |
and |\violate |\the |\rights |\of |\others |\through |\a |\combination |\of |
deceitful, |\aggressive |\and |\antisocial |\behaviors -must |\have |\shown |\symptoms |\of |\conduct |\disorder |\before |\age |\ 15 borderline |\personality |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Characterized |\by |\impulsivity |\and |\instability |\in |\their |
interpersonal |\relationships, |\their |\self-image, |\and |\their |\moods, |
and |\affective |\instability. |
-Frantic |\efforts |\to |\avoid |\real |\or |\imagined |\abandonement. -Affective |\instability |\due |\to |\a |\marked |\reactivity |\of |\mood; |\drastic |
and |\rapid |\shifts |\from |\one |\emotion |\to |\another -unusally |\intense |\emotional |\responses |\to |\environmental |\triggers |
and |\slow |\return |\to |\a |\baseline |\emotional |\state -chronic |\feelings |\of |\emptiness -identity |\disturbance -recurrent |\suicidal |\behavior, |\self-mutilation -inappropriate, |\intense |\anger |\or |\difficulty |\controlling |\anger
-a |\pattern |\of |\unstable |\and |\intense |\interpersonal |\relationships |
characterized |\by |\alternating |\between |\extremes |\of |\idealization |
and |\devaluation avoidant |\personality |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Personality |\disorder |\characterized |\by: extreme |\social |\inhibition |\and |\introversion, |\leading |\to |\life |\long |
patterns |\of |\limited |\social |\relationships |\and |\reluctance |\to |\enter |
into |\social |\interactions. -they |\desire |\affection |\and |\are |\often |\lonely |\and |\bored -hypersensitivity |\to |\and |\fear |\of |\criticism |\and |\disapproval -show |\restraint |\in |\intimate |\relationships |\due |\to |\fear |\of |\being |
shamed |\or |\ridiculed -views |\self |\as |\socially |\inept, |\personally |\unappealing |\or |\inferior |\to |
others -is |\unusually |\reluctant |\to |\take |\personal |\risks |\or |\to |\engage |\in |\any |
new |\activities |\because |\they |\may |\prove |\embarrassing dependent |\personality |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Personality |\disorder |\characterized |\by: |
an |\extreme |\need |\to |\be |\taken |\care |\of,which |\leads |\to |\clinging |\and |
submissive |\behavior. -show |\acute |\fear |\at |\the |\possibility |\of |\separation |
-urgently |\seeks |\another |\relationship |\as |\a |\source |\of |\care |\and |
support |\when |\a |\close |\relationship |\ends -has |\difficulty |\expressing |\disagreement |\with |\others |\because |\of |
fear |\of |\loss |\of |\support |\or |\approval
psychopathy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔originally |\called |
sociopathic |\personality, |\has |\four |\dimensions |\to |\diagnose |\it excitement |(arousal) |\phase |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔second |
phase |\of |\the |\human |\sexual |\response, |\in |\which |\there |\is |\generally |
a |\subjective |\sense |\of |\sexual |\pleasure |\and |\physiological |\changes, |
including |\penile |\erection |\in |\the |\male |\and |\vaginal |\lubrication |\and |
enlargement |\in |\the |\female paraphilic |\disorders |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Characterized |\by |
recurrent, |\intense |\sexually |\arousing |\fantasies, |\sexual |\urges, |\or |
behaviors |\that |\generally |\involve |\1) |\nonhuman |\objects, |\2) |\the |
suffering |\or |\humiliation |\of |\oneself |\or |\partner, |\or |\3) |\children |\or |
other |\non-consenting |\persons. Fetishism |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\paraphilia |\in |\which |\a |
nonhuman |\object |\is |\the |\preferred |\or |\exclusive |\method |\of |
achieving |\sexual |\excitement -rare |\among |\sexual |\offenders transvestic |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔for |\a |\period |\of |\ 6 |
months |\or |\more |\individuals, |\usually |\males, |\are |\sexually |\aroused |
or |\receive |\gratification |\by |\wearing |\clothing |\of |\the |\opposite |\sex. -onset |\is |\adolescence |\and |\involves |\masturbation |\while |\wearing |
female |\clothing |\or |\undergarments voyeuristic |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ 6 |\months |\or |\more, |
paraphilic |\disorder |\in |\which |\sexual |\arousal |\is |\derived |\from |\
observing |\unsuspecting |\individuals |\undressing |\or |\naked |\or |
watching |\couples |\engaging |\in |\intercourse exhibitionistic |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔sexual |
gratification |\attained |\by |\exposing |\genitals |\to |\unsuspecting |
strangers 6 |\months |\of |\more |
-co-occurs |\with |\voyeurism |\and |\cross-dressing associated |\with |\greater |\psychological |\problems Frotteurism |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔paraphilic |\disorder |
characterized |\by |\the |\compulsion |\to |\achieve |\sexual |\arousal |\by |
touching |\or |\rubbing |\against |\a |\nonconsenting |\person |\in |\public |
situations period |\of |\ 6 |\months |\or |\more -the |\person |\does |\not |\need |\to |\be |\bothered |\his |\urges |\to |\be |
diagnosed, |\only |\if |\the |\acts |\occurs sexual |\sadism |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\paraphilic |
disorder |\characterized |\by |\repeated |\and |\intense |\sexual |\urges, |
fantasies, |\or |\behaviors |\that |\involve |\inflicting |\suffering |\on |\others. Masochism |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔sexual |\arousal |\from |\being |
subjected |\to |\pain, |\bondage, |\or |\humiliation gender |\dysphoria |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\condition |\of |
feeling |\one's |\emotional |\and |\psychological |\identity |\as |\male |\or |
female |\to |\be |\opposite |\to |\one's |\biological |\sex.
resolution |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔final |\phase |\during |\which |\the |
person |\has |\a |\sense |\of |\relaxation |\and |\well-being female |\sexual |\interest/arousal |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔a |\female |\dysfunction |\marked |\by |\a |\persistent |\reduction |\or |\lack |\of |\interest |\in |\sex |\and |\low |\sexual |\activity, |\as |\well |\as, |\in |\some |
cases, |\limited |\excitement |\and |\few |\sexual |\sensations |\during |
sexual |\activity male |\hypoactive |\sexual |\desire |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔diagnosed |\in |\men |\who |\have |\for |\at |\least |\ 6 |\months |\been |
distressed |\or |\impaired |\due |\to |\low |\levels |\of |\sexual |\thoughts, |
desires, |\or |\fantasies. female |\orgasmic |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\dysfunction |
in |\which |\a |\woman |\persistently |\fails |\to |\reach |\orgasm, |\experiences |\orgasms |\of |\very |\low |\intensity, |\or |\has |\very |\delayed |\orgasms. personality |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Characterized |\by |
chronic |\interpersonal |\difficulties, |\problems |\with |\one's |\identity |\or |
sense |\of |\self, |\and |\an |\inability |\to |\function |\adequately |\in |\society. To |\get |\diagnosis |\of |\a |\personality |\disorder: |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔-To |\be |\diagnosed |\the |\person's |\enduring |\pattern |\of |\behavior |
must |\be |\pervasive |\and |\inflexible, |\as |\well |\as |\stable |\and |\of |\long |
duration. |
-It |\must |\cause |\either |\clinically |\significant |\distress |\or |\impairment |
in |\functioning |\and |\be |\manifested |\in |\at |\least |\two |\of |\the |\following |
areas: |\cognition, |\affectivity, |\interpersonal |\functioning |\or |\impulse |
control
Cause |\of |\personality |\disorders |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-From |\the |\gradual |\development |\of |\inflexible |\and |\distorted |\personality |\and |
behavioral |\patterns |\that |\result |\in |\persistently |\maladpative |\ways |
of |\perceiving, |\thinking |\about, |\and |\relating |\to |\to |\the |\world -stressful |\events |\early |\in |\life |\may |\help |\set |\the |\stage |\for |\the |
development |\of |\these |\inflexible |\and |\distorted |\personality |
patterns paranoid |\personality |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔disorder |
characterized |\by |\pervasive |\distrust |\and |\suspiciousness |\of |\others |
such |\that |\their |\motives |\are |\interpreted |\as |\malevolent, |\begins |\by |
early |\adulthood: -read |\into |\hidden |\meanings -reluctant |\to |\confide |\in |\others -bears |\grudges -perceives |\attacks |\on |\their |\character |\or |\reputation |\that |\are |\not |
real -recurrent |\suspicions |\without |\justification, |\regarding |\fidelity |\of |
spouse |\or |\sexual |\partner Vulnerable |\narcissistic |\personality |\disorder |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔characterized |\by |\having |\a |\very |\fragile |\and |\unstable |\sense |\of |
self-esteem -arrogance |\and |\condescension |\is |\merely |\a |\facade |\for |\intense |
shame |\and |\hypersensitivity |\to |\rejection |\and |\criticism -may |\become |\completely |\absorbed |\and |\preoccupied |\with |
fantasies |\of |\outstanding |\achievement |\but |\at |\the |\same |\time |
experience |\profound |\shame |\about |\their |\ambitions. |\
Presenting |\Problem |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ Personality |\Factors |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Assessment |\should |
include |\a |\description |\of |\any |\relevant |\long-term |\personality |
characteristics. Social |\Context |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔It |\is |\also |\important |\to |
assess |\the |\social |\context |\in |\which |\the |\individual |\functions.What |
kinds |\of |\environmental |\demands |\are |\typically |\placed |\on |\the |
person, |\and |\what |\supports |\or |\special |\stressors |\exist |\in |\her |\or |\his |
life Cultural |\Competence |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Issues |\involved |\in |
multicultural |\assessment Reliability |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔is |\a |\term |\describing |\the |
degree |\to |\which |\an |\assessment |\measure |\produces |\the |\same |
result |\each |\time |\it |\is |\used |\to |\evaluate |\the |\same |\thing. Validity |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Is |\the |\extent |\to |\which |\a |
measuring |\instrument |\actually |\measures |\what |\it |\is |\supposed |\to |
measure. Standardization |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔is |\a |\process |\by |\which |\a |
psychological |\test |\is |\administered, |\scored, |\and |\interpreted |\in |\a |
consistent |\or |"standard" |\manner.
T |\score |\distribution |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔comparing |\a |
particular |\individual's |\test |\score |\on |\a |\distribution |\of |\test |\scores |
from |\a |\large |\normative |\population |\can |\enable |\the |\user |\to |
evaluate |\whether |\the |\individual's |\score |\is |\low, |\average, |\or |\high |
along |\the |\distribution |\of |\scores Electroencephalogram |(EEG) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Graphical |
record |\of |\brain-wave |\activity |\obtained |\through |\electrodes |\placed |
on |\the |\scalp |\and |\forehead dysrhythmia |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔abnormal |\or |\irregular |
pattern |\in |\brain's |\electrical |\activity. Computerised |\Axial |\Tomography |(CAT) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\neuroimaging |\technique |\that |\produces |\a |\computer-enhanced |
image |\of |\the |\cross-section |\of |\the |\brain |\from |\X-rays |\taken |\from |
different |\angles. |\Used |\to |\study |\brain |\structure magnetic |\resonance |\imaging |(MRI) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |
technique |\that |\uses |\magnetic |\fields |\and |\radio |\waves |\to |\produce |
computer-generated |\images |\that |\distinguish |\among |\different |
types |\of |\soft |\tissue; |\allows |\us |\to |\see |\structures |\within |\the |\brain Functional |\MRI |(fMRI) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔shows |\brain |
activity |\at |\higher |\resolution |\than |\PET |\scan |\when |\changes |\in |
oxygen |\concentration |\in |\neurons |\alters |\its |\magnetic |\qualities aphasia |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\disorder |\in |\which |\there |\is |\a |
loss |\of |\ability |\to |\communicate |\verbally
unstructured |\assessment |\interviews |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Typically |\subjective |\interviews |\that |\do |\not |\follow |\a |
predetermined |\set |\of |\questions. |\The |\beginning |\statements |\in |\the |
interview |\are |\usually |\general, |\and |\follow-up |\questions |\are |
tailored |\for |\each |\client. |\The |\content |\of |\the |\interview |\questions |\is |
influenced |\by |\the |\habits |\or |\theoretical |\views |\of |\the |\interviewer. rating |\scale |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔helps |\focus |\inquiry |\and |
quantify |\the |\interview |\data |\for |\assessment |\interview Role |\Playing |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔includes |\acting |\a |\social |
part |\by |\following |\guidelines |\for |\expected |\behavior |\to |\yeild |
information |\about |\the |\persons's |\adaptive |\strategies. Self-montioring |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ BPRS |(brief |\psychiatric |\rating |\scale) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\BPRS |\provides |\a |\structured |\and |\quantifiable |\format |\for |\rating |
clinical |\symptoms |\such |\as |\over |\concern |\with |\physical |\symptoms, |
anxiety |,emotional |\withdrawl, |\guilt |\feelings, |\hostility, |
suspiciousness, |\and |\unusual |\thought |\patterns. Vocabulary |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔this |\subtest |\consist |\of |\a |\list |
of |\words |\to |\define |\that |\are |\presented |\orally |\to |\the |\individual.This |
task |\is |\designed |\to |\evaluate |\knowledge |\of |\vocabulary, |\which |\has |
been |\shown |\to |\be |\highly |\to |\general |\intelligence
Digit |\Span |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\number |\of |\digits |\a |
person |\can |\remember. |\Digit |\span |\is |\used |\as |\a |\measure |\of |\the |
capacity |\of |\short-term |\memory. personality |\tests |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Psychological |\tests |
that |\measure |\various |\aspects |\of |\personality, |\including |\motives, |
interests, |\values, |\and |\attitudes. projective |\personality |\tests |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔are |
unstructured |\int |\hat |\they |\rely |\on |\various |\ambiguous |\stimuli |\such |
as |\inkblots |\or |\vague |\pictures |\rather |\than |\on |\explicit |\verbal |
questions |, |\and |\in |\that |\persons |\answers |\are |\not |\limited |\to |\the |
true, |\false |\or |\cannot |\say |\variety. Rorschach |\inkblot |\test |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\projective |
personality |\test |\in |\which |\individual |\interpretations |\of |\the |\meaning |\of |\a |\set |\of |\unstructured |\inkblots |\are |\analyzed |\to |\identify |\a |
respondent's |\inner |\feelings |\and |\interpret |\his |\or |\her |\personality |
structure Thematic |\Apperception |\Test |(TAT) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔projective |\test |\requiring |\examinees |\to |\tell |\a |\story |\in |\response |
to |\ambiguous |\pictures sentence |\completion |\test |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\projective |
technique |\where |\subjects |\are |\given |\a |\set |\of |\incomplete |
sentences |\and |\asked |\to |\complete |\them |\in |\their |\own |\words
Underemphasis |\on |\the |\external |\situation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Many |\clinicians |\overemphasize |\personality |\traits |\as |\the |\cause |
of |\patients' |\problems |\without |\paying |\enough |\attention |\to |\the |
possible |\role |\of |\stressors |\and |\other |\circumstances |\in |\the |\patients' |\life |\situations Insufficient |\Validation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Some |
psychological |\assessment |\procedures |\in |\use |\today |\have |\not |\been |\sufficiently |\validated. Inaccurate |\data |\or |\premature |\evaluation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔there |\is |\always |\the |\possibility |\that |\some |\assessment |\data |\and |\any |\diagnostic |\label |\or |\treatment |\based |\on |\them |\may |\be |\an |
inaccurate |\or |\that |\the |\team |\leader |\might |\choose |\to |\ignore |\test |
data |\in |\favor |\of |\other |\information. antianxiety |\drugs |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔drugs |\used |\to |\control |
anxiety |\and |\agitation antidepressant |\drugs |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔drugs |\used |\to |
treat |\depression; |\also |\increasingly |\prescribed |\for |\anxiety. |
Different |\types |\work |\by |\altering |\the |\availability |\of |\various |
neurotransmitters behavior |\therapy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\type |\of |\therapy |\that |\assumes |\that |\disordered |\behavior |\is |\learned |\and |\that |\symptom |
relief |\is |\achieved |\through |\changing |\overt |\maladaptive |\behaviors |
into |\more |\constructive |\behaviors -direct |\and |\active |\treatment
client-centered |\therapy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\humanistic |
therapy, |\developed |\by |\Carl |\Rogers -views |\therapy |\as |\a |\process |\of |\removing |\the |\constraints |\and |
restrictions |\that |\grow |\out |\of |\unrealistic |\demands |\that |\people |\tend |\to |\place |\on |\themselves |\when |\they |\believe, |\as |\a |\condition |\of |\self- worth, |\that |\they |\should |\not |\have |\certain |\kinds |\of |\feelings |\such |\as |\hostility -help |\clients |\become |\able |\to |\accept |\and |\be |\themselves Countertransference |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Circumstances |\in |
which |\a |\psychoanalyst |\develops |\personal |\feelings |\about |\a |\client |
because |\of |\perceived |\similarity |\of |\the |\client |\to |\significant |\people |
in |\the |\therapist's |\life. couple |\therapy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔therapy |\that |\focuses |\on |
helping |\distressed |\couples |\resolve |\their |\conflicts |\and |\develop |
more |\effective |\communication |\skills efficacy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔effectiveness electroconvulsive |\therapy |(ECT) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |
biomedical |\therapy |\for |\severely |\depressed |\patients |\in |\which |\a |
brief |\electric |\current |\is |\sent |\through |\the |\brain |\of |\an |\anesthetized |
patient family |\therapy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔therapy |\that |\treats |\the |
family |\as |\a |\system. |\Views |\an |\individual's |\unwanted |\behaviors |\as |
influenced |\by, |\or |\directed |\at, |\other |\family |\members
